J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jem.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 3, August 2025, pages 91-99

Factors Associated With the Frequency of Medical Consultations in Patients With Various Types of Diabetes Mellitus

↓ **Table 1.** Univariate and Bivariate Descriptive Characteristics of the Study Sample
Characteristics	Total	Number of medical consultations
Data are presented as n (%).
Sex
Female	896,302 (66.13%)	871,516 (66.08%)	24,786 (67.94%)
Male	459,052 (33.87%)	447,358 (33.92%)	11,694 (32.06%)
Age group
Under 18 years	30,146 (2.22%)	30,010 (2.28%)	136 (0.37%)
18 - 29 years	63,267 (4.67%)	62,913 (4.77%)	354 (0.97%)
30 - 39 years	104,003 (7.67%)	102,552 (7.78%)	1,451 (3.98%)
40 - 49 years	218,914 (16.15%)	214,032 (16.23%)	4,882 (13.38%)
50 - 59 years	329,998 (24.35%)	320,204 (24.28%)	9794 (26.85%)
60 - 69 years	321,288 (23.71%)	309,964 (23.51%)	11,324 (31.04%)
70 years and older	287,494 (21.22%)	278,956 (21.15%)	8,538 (23.41%)
Type of diabetes
Type 1 diabetes	90,380 (6.67%)	87,131 (6.61%)	3,249 (8.91%)
Type 2 diabetes	1,244,198 (91.80%)	1,211,615 (91.87%)	32,583 (89.32%)
Other specified types of DM	20,776 (1.53%)	20,128 (1.53%)	648 (1.78%)
Region
Metropolitan Lima	506,526 (37.37%)	495,520 (37.57%)	11,006 (30.17%)
Rest of the Coast	496,984 (36.67%)	485,047 (36.78%)	11,937 (32.72%)
Highlands	189,034 (13.95%)	182,011 (13.80%)	7,023 (19.25%)
Jungle	162,810 (12.01%)	156,296 (11.85%)	6,514 (17.86%)
Time since diagnosis
0 to 1 year	50,569 (3.73%)	48,936 (3.71%)	1,633 (4.48%)
1 to 2 years	288,794 (21.31%)	281,428 (21.34%)	7,366 (20.19%)
2 to 3 years	239,160 (17.65%)	234,321 (17.77%)	4,839 (13.26%)
3 to 4 years	149,786 (11.05%)	146,639 (11.12%)	3,147 (8.63%)
4 to 5 years	202,075 (14.91%)	197,731 (14.99%)	4,344 (11.91%)
5 to 6 years	243,926 (18.00%)	237,618 (18.02%)	6,308 (17.29%)
More tan 6 years	181,044 (13.36%)	172,201 (13.06%)	8,843 (24.24%)
DM + obesity/dyslipidemia
No	481,688 (35.54%)	475,789 (36.08%)	5,899 (16.17%)
Yes	873,666 (64.46%)	843,085 (63.92%)	30,581 (83.83%)
DM + hypertension
No	830,800 (61.30%)	815,672 (61.85%)	15,128 (41.47%)
Yes	524,554 (38.70%)	503,202 (38.15%)	21,352 (58.53%)
DM + mental health disorder
No	1,060,093 (78.22%)	1,035,952 (78.55%)	24,141 (66.18%)
Yes	295,261 (21.78%)	282,922 (21.45%)	12,339 (33.82%)
Number of comorbidities
0	300,438 (22.17%)	297,786 (22.58%)	2,652 (7.27%)
1	540,215 (39.86%)	529,119 (40.12%)	11,096 (30.42%)
2	390,837 (28.84%)	375,817 (28.50%)	15,020 (41.17%)
3	123,864 (9.14%)	116,152 (8.81%)	7,712 (21.14%)

↓ Table 1. Univariate and Bivariate Descriptive Characteristics of the Study Sample

Characteristics

Total

Number of medical consultations

N = 1,355,354

< 3 (n = 1,318,874)

≥ 3 (n = 36,480)

Data are presented as n (%).

Sex

Female

896,302 (66.13%)

871,516 (66.08%)

24,786 (67.94%)

Male

459,052 (33.87%)

447,358 (33.92%)

11,694 (32.06%)

Age group

Under 18 years

30,146 (2.22%)

30,010 (2.28%)

136 (0.37%)

18 - 29 years

63,267 (4.67%)

62,913 (4.77%)

354 (0.97%)

30 - 39 years

104,003 (7.67%)

102,552 (7.78%)

1,451 (3.98%)

40 - 49 years

218,914 (16.15%)

214,032 (16.23%)

4,882 (13.38%)

50 - 59 years

329,998 (24.35%)

320,204 (24.28%)

9794 (26.85%)

60 - 69 years

321,288 (23.71%)

309,964 (23.51%)

11,324 (31.04%)

70 years and older

287,494 (21.22%)

278,956 (21.15%)

8,538 (23.41%)

Type of diabetes

Type 1 diabetes

90,380 (6.67%)

87,131 (6.61%)

3,249 (8.91%)

Type 2 diabetes

1,244,198 (91.80%)

1,211,615 (91.87%)

32,583 (89.32%)

Other specified types of DM

20,776 (1.53%)

20,128 (1.53%)

648 (1.78%)

Region

Metropolitan Lima

506,526 (37.37%)

495,520 (37.57%)

11,006 (30.17%)

Rest of the Coast

496,984 (36.67%)

485,047 (36.78%)

11,937 (32.72%)

Highlands

189,034 (13.95%)

182,011 (13.80%)

7,023 (19.25%)

Jungle

162,810 (12.01%)

156,296 (11.85%)

6,514 (17.86%)

Time since diagnosis

0 to 1 year

50,569 (3.73%)

48,936 (3.71%)

1,633 (4.48%)

1 to 2 years

288,794 (21.31%)

281,428 (21.34%)

7,366 (20.19%)

2 to 3 years

239,160 (17.65%)

234,321 (17.77%)

4,839 (13.26%)

3 to 4 years

149,786 (11.05%)

146,639 (11.12%)

3,147 (8.63%)

4 to 5 years

202,075 (14.91%)

197,731 (14.99%)

4,344 (11.91%)

5 to 6 years

243,926 (18.00%)

237,618 (18.02%)

6,308 (17.29%)

More tan 6 years

181,044 (13.36%)

172,201 (13.06%)

8,843 (24.24%)

DM + obesity/dyslipidemia

481,688 (35.54%)

475,789 (36.08%)

5,899 (16.17%)

Yes

873,666 (64.46%)

843,085 (63.92%)

30,581 (83.83%)

DM + hypertension

830,800 (61.30%)

815,672 (61.85%)

15,128 (41.47%)

Yes

524,554 (38.70%)

503,202 (38.15%)

21,352 (58.53%)

DM + mental health disorder

1,060,093 (78.22%)

1,035,952 (78.55%)

24,141 (66.18%)

Yes

295,261 (21.78%)

282,922 (21.45%)

12,339 (33.82%)

Number of comorbidities

300,438 (22.17%)

297,786 (22.58%)

2,652 (7.27%)

540,215 (39.86%)

529,119 (40.12%)

11,096 (30.42%)

390,837 (28.84%)

375,817 (28.50%)

15,020 (41.17%)

123,864 (9.14%)

116,152 (8.81%)

7,712 (21.14%)

↓ **Table 2.** Factors Associated With the Frequency of Medical Consultations in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Regression Models 1 and 2
Characteristics	Model 1	Model 2
Each factor has been independently adjusted for. Source: self-made. aPR: adjusted prevalence ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; Ref.: reference.
Sex	Ref.		Ref.
Female	1.14	1.12, 1.17	1.13	1.11, 1.16
Male
Age group	Ref.		Ref.
Under 18 years	1.15	0.94, 1.39	1.15	0.94, 1.40
18 - 29 years	2.54	2.13, 3.02	2.59	2.17, 3.08
30 - 39 years	3.57	3.02, 4.23	3.65	3.08, 4.33
40 - 49 years	4.24	3.58, 5.02	4.32	3.65, 5.11
50 - 59 years	4.5	3.80, 5.32	4.55	3.85, 5.39
60 - 69 years	3.32	2.81, 3.93	3.31	2.80, 3.92
70 years and older
Type of diabetes	Ref.		Ref.
Type 1 diabetes	0.71	0.69, 0.74	0.72	0.70, 0.75
Type 2 diabetes	0.91	0.84, 0.99	0.93	0.85, 1.01
Other specified types of DM
Region	Ref.		Ref.
Metropolitan Lima	1.11	1.09, 1.14	1.12	1.09, 1.15
Rest of the Coast	1.80	1.74, 1.85	1.81	1.76, 1.87
Highlands	2.09	2.03, 2.16	2.06	2.00, 2.12
Jungle
Time since diagnosis	Ref.		Ref.
0 to 1 year	0.71	0.67, 0.75	0.71	0.67, 0.75
1 to 2 years	0.51	0.48, 0.54	0.51	0.48, 0.54
2 to 3 years	0.51	0.48, 0.54	0.51	0.48, 0.54
3 to 4 years	0.53	0.50, 0.56	0.53	0.50, 0.56
4 to 5 years	0.59	0.56, 0.63	0.60	0.57, 0.63
5 to 6 years	0.97	0.93, 1.03	0.99	0.94, 1.04
More than 6 years
DM + obesity/dyslipidemia	Ref.		-	-
No	2.43	2.36, 2.50	-	-
Yes
DM + hypertension	Ref.		-	-
No	1.69	1.65, 1.73	-	-
Yes
DM + mental health disorder	Ref.		-	-
No	1.56	1.53, 1.59	-	-
Yes
Number of comorbidities			Ref.
0	-	-	2.28	2.19, 2.38
1	-	-	4.09	3.93, 4.27
2	-	-	6.53	6.25, 6.83
3	-	-

↓ Table 2. Factors Associated With the Frequency of Medical Consultations in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Regression Models 1 and 2

Characteristics

Model 1

Model 2

aPR

95% CI

aPR

95% CI

Each factor has been independently adjusted for. Source: self-made. aPR: adjusted prevalence ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; Ref.: reference.

Sex

Ref.

Female

1.14

1.12, 1.17

1.13

1.11, 1.16

Male

Age group

Ref.

Under 18 years

1.15

0.94, 1.39

1.15

0.94, 1.40

18 - 29 years

2.54

2.13, 3.02

2.59

2.17, 3.08

30 - 39 years

3.57

3.02, 4.23

3.65

3.08, 4.33

40 - 49 years

4.24

3.58, 5.02

4.32

3.65, 5.11

50 - 59 years

4.5

3.80, 5.32

4.55

3.85, 5.39

60 - 69 years

3.32

2.81, 3.93

3.31

2.80, 3.92

70 years and older

Type of diabetes

Ref.

Type 1 diabetes

0.71

0.69, 0.74

0.72

0.70, 0.75

Type 2 diabetes

0.91

0.84, 0.99

0.93

0.85, 1.01

Other specified types of DM

Region

Ref.

Metropolitan Lima

1.11

1.09, 1.14

1.12

1.09, 1.15

Rest of the Coast

1.80

1.74, 1.85

1.81

1.76, 1.87

Highlands

2.09

2.03, 2.16

2.06

2.00, 2.12

Jungle

Time since diagnosis

Ref.

0 to 1 year

0.71

0.67, 0.75

0.71

0.67, 0.75

1 to 2 years

0.51

0.48, 0.54

0.51

0.48, 0.54

2 to 3 years

0.51

0.48, 0.54

0.51

0.48, 0.54

3 to 4 years

0.53

0.50, 0.56

0.53

0.50, 0.56

4 to 5 years

0.59

0.56, 0.63

0.60

0.57, 0.63

5 to 6 years

0.97

0.93, 1.03

0.99

0.94, 1.04

More than 6 years

DM + obesity/dyslipidemia

Ref.

2.43

2.36, 2.50

Yes

DM + hypertension

Ref.

1.69

1.65, 1.73

Yes

DM + mental health disorder

Ref.

1.56

1.53, 1.59

Yes

Number of comorbidities

Ref.

2.28

2.19, 2.38

4.09

3.93, 4.27

6.53

6.25, 6.83