J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jem.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 000, Number 000, June 2025, pages 000-000

Dyslipidemia Prevalence and Risk Factors in Al Ain: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis

Figure 1. Scatter plots of age (years) versus (a) BMI (kg/m²), (b) random glucose (mmol/L), and (c) total cholesterol (mmol/L) by gender. Males are represented by “□” and females by “Δ”. BMI: body mass index.

Figure 2. Correlation heatmap illustrating the relationships between key metabolic and lipid parameters (BMI, random blood glucose, TC, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and TC to HDL-C ratio), based on the combined data of all participants (both sexes). BMI: body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TC: total cholesterol.

Figure 3. Box plot showing the distribution of triglyceride levels (mmol/L) across four categories of exercise frequency (none, little, moderate, and vigorous), based on the combined data of all participants (both sexes).

Figure 4. Split violin plot comparing cholesterol levels (LDL, HDL, and total) between male and female participants. Medical cut-off points are indicated for LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol. Male and female data are color-coded using blue and red, respectively. HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.

**Table 1.** Frequency Distribution of Demographic, Clinical, and Lifestyle Characteristics in Participants With Normal and Abnormal Lipid Profiles
	Total	Normal lipid profile	Abnormal lipid profile	P value
“Total” percentages are based on the sample size (N = 398). Lipid profile percentages are calculated within each row category. BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation.
Gender
Female	186 (46.7%)	86 (46.2%)	100 (53.8%)	< 0.001
Male	212 (53.3%)	49 (23.1%)	163 (76.9%)
Age, mean (SD), years	35 (10)	32 (10)	37 (10)
Age group
18 - 29 years	129 (32.4%)	61 (45.2%)	68 (25.9%)	< 0.001
30 - 39 years	126 (31.7%)	41 (30.4%)	85 (32.3%)
40 - 49 years	111 (27.9%)	29 (21.5%)	82 (31.2%)
≥ 50 years	32 (8.0%)	4 (3.0%)	28 (10.6%)
Education level
Secondary education	276 (69.3%)	89 (65.9%)	187 (71.1%)	0.429
Tertiary education	102 (25.6%)	37 (27.4%)	65 (24.7%)
Below secondary education	20 (5.0%)	9 (6.7%)	11 (4.2%)
Employment status
Yes	262 (65.8%)	82 (60.7%)	180 (68.4%)	0.125
No	136 (34.2%)	53 (39.3%)	83 (31.6%)
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m²	28.3 (6.0)	26.3 (5.8)	29.4 (5.8)
Weight status
Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m²)	17 (4.3%)	11 (8.1%)	6 (2.3%)	< 0.001
Normal weight (18.5 - 24.9 kg/m²)	102 (25.6%)	46 (34.1%)	56 (21.3%)
Overweight (25 - 29.9 kg/m²)	138 (34.7%)	46 (34.1%)	92 (35.0%)
Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m²)	141 (35.4%)	32 (23.7%)	109 (41.4%)
Physical activity
None	212 (53.3%)	70 (51.9%)	142 (54.0%)	0.210
Little	51 (12.8%)	12 (8.9%)	39 (14.8%)
Moderate	96 (24.1%)	39 (28.9%)	57 (21.7%)
Vigorous	39 (9.8%)	14 (10.4%)	25 (9.5%)
Smoking
No	316 (79.4%)	120 (88.9%)	196 (74.5%)	< 0.001
Yes	82 (20.6%)	15 (11.1%)	67 (25.5%)
Hypertension
No	380 (95.5%)	132 (97.8%)	248 (94.3%)	0.114
Yes	18 (4.5%)	3 (2.2%)	15 (5.7%)
Diabetes
No	372 (93.5%)	130 (96.3%)	242 (92.0%)	0.102
Yes	26 (6.5%)	5 (3.7%)	21 (8.0%)
Cardiovascular diseases
No	393 (98.7%)	133 (98.5%)	260 (98.9%)	0.773
Yes	5 (1.3%)	2 (1.5%)	3 (1.1%)
Family history of hypertension
No	218 (54.8%)	80 (59.3%)	138 (52.5%)	0.198
Yes	180 (45.2%)	55 (40.7%)	125 (47.5%)
Family history of diabetes
No	196 (49.2%)	65 (48.1%)	131 (49.8%)	0.754
Yes	202 (50.8%)	70 (51.9%)	132 (50.2%)
Family history of cardiovascular diseases
No	358 (89.9%)	126 (93.3%)	232 (88.2%)	0.108
Yes	40 (10.1%)	9 (6.7%)	31 (11.8%)

Table 1. Frequency Distribution of Demographic, Clinical, and Lifestyle Characteristics in Participants With Normal and Abnormal Lipid Profiles

Total

Normal lipid profile

Abnormal lipid profile

P value

“Total” percentages are based on the sample size (N = 398). Lipid profile percentages are calculated within each row category. BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation.

Gender

Female

186 (46.7%)

86 (46.2%)

100 (53.8%)

< 0.001

Male

212 (53.3%)

49 (23.1%)

163 (76.9%)

Age, mean (SD), years

35 (10)

32 (10)

37 (10)

Age group

18 - 29 years

129 (32.4%)

61 (45.2%)

68 (25.9%)

< 0.001

30 - 39 years

126 (31.7%)

41 (30.4%)

85 (32.3%)

40 - 49 years

111 (27.9%)

29 (21.5%)

82 (31.2%)

≥ 50 years

32 (8.0%)

4 (3.0%)

28 (10.6%)

Education level

Secondary education

276 (69.3%)

89 (65.9%)

187 (71.1%)

0.429

Tertiary education

102 (25.6%)

37 (27.4%)

65 (24.7%)

Below secondary education

20 (5.0%)

9 (6.7%)

11 (4.2%)

Employment status

Yes

262 (65.8%)

82 (60.7%)

180 (68.4%)

0.125

136 (34.2%)

53 (39.3%)

83 (31.6%)

BMI, mean (SD), kg/m²

28.3 (6.0)

26.3 (5.8)

29.4 (5.8)

Weight status

Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m²)

17 (4.3%)

11 (8.1%)

6 (2.3%)

< 0.001

Normal weight (18.5 - 24.9 kg/m²)

102 (25.6%)

46 (34.1%)

56 (21.3%)

Overweight (25 - 29.9 kg/m²)

138 (34.7%)

46 (34.1%)

92 (35.0%)

Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m²)

141 (35.4%)

32 (23.7%)

109 (41.4%)

Physical activity

None

212 (53.3%)

70 (51.9%)

142 (54.0%)

0.210

Little

51 (12.8%)

12 (8.9%)

39 (14.8%)

Moderate

96 (24.1%)

39 (28.9%)

57 (21.7%)

Vigorous

39 (9.8%)

14 (10.4%)

25 (9.5%)

Smoking

316 (79.4%)

120 (88.9%)

196 (74.5%)

< 0.001

Yes

82 (20.6%)

15 (11.1%)

67 (25.5%)

Hypertension

380 (95.5%)

132 (97.8%)

248 (94.3%)

0.114

Yes

18 (4.5%)

3 (2.2%)

15 (5.7%)

Diabetes

372 (93.5%)

130 (96.3%)

242 (92.0%)

0.102

Yes

26 (6.5%)

5 (3.7%)

21 (8.0%)

Cardiovascular diseases

393 (98.7%)

133 (98.5%)

260 (98.9%)

0.773

Yes

5 (1.3%)

2 (1.5%)

3 (1.1%)

Family history of hypertension

218 (54.8%)

80 (59.3%)

138 (52.5%)

0.198

Yes

180 (45.2%)

55 (40.7%)

125 (47.5%)

Family history of diabetes

196 (49.2%)

65 (48.1%)

131 (49.8%)

0.754

Yes

202 (50.8%)

70 (51.9%)

132 (50.2%)

Family history of cardiovascular diseases

358 (89.9%)

126 (93.3%)

232 (88.2%)

0.108

Yes

40 (10.1%)

9 (6.7%)

31 (11.8%)