Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access
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Original Article

Volume 15, Number 3, August 2025, pages 100-108

Dyslipidemia Prevalence and Risk Factors in Al Ain: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis

Figures

↓  Figure 1. Scatter plots of age (years) versus (a) BMI (kg/m2), (b) random glucose (mmol/L), and (c) total cholesterol (mmol/L) by gender. Males are represented by “□” and females by “Δ”. BMI: body mass index.
Figure 1.
↓  Figure 2. Correlation heatmap illustrating the relationships between key metabolic and lipid parameters (BMI, random blood glucose, TC, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and TC to HDL-C ratio), based on the combined data of all participants (both sexes). BMI: body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TC: total cholesterol.
Figure 2.
↓  Figure 3. Box plot showing the distribution of triglyceride levels (mmol/L) across four categories of exercise frequency (none, little, moderate, and vigorous), based on the combined data of all participants (both sexes).
Figure 3.
↓  Figure 4. Split violin plot comparing cholesterol levels (LDL, HDL, and total) between male and female participants. Medical cut-off points are indicated for LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol. Male and female data are color-coded using blue and red, respectively. HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.
Figure 4.

Table

↓  Table 1. Frequency Distribution of Demographic, Clinical, and Lifestyle Characteristics in Participants With Normal and Abnormal Lipid Profiles
 
Total Normal lipid profile Abnormal lipid profile P value
“Total” percentages are based on the sample size (N = 398). Lipid profile percentages are calculated within each row category. BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation.
Gender
  Female 186 (46.7%) 86 (46.2%) 100 (53.8%) < 0.001
  Male 212 (53.3%) 49 (23.1%) 163 (76.9%)
Age, mean (SD), years 35 (10) 32 (10) 37 (10)
Age group
  18 - 29 years 129 (32.4%) 61 (45.2%) 68 (25.9%) < 0.001
  30 - 39 years 126 (31.7%) 41 (30.4%) 85 (32.3%)
  40 - 49 years 111 (27.9%) 29 (21.5%) 82 (31.2%)
  ≥ 50 years 32 (8.0%) 4 (3.0%) 28 (10.6%)
Education level
  Secondary education 276 (69.3%) 89 (65.9%) 187 (71.1%) 0.429
  Tertiary education 102 (25.6%) 37 (27.4%) 65 (24.7%)
  Below secondary education 20 (5.0%) 9 (6.7%) 11 (4.2%)
Employment status
  Yes 262 (65.8%) 82 (60.7%) 180 (68.4%) 0.125
  No 136 (34.2%) 53 (39.3%) 83 (31.6%)
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 28.3 (6.0) 26.3 (5.8) 29.4 (5.8)
Weight status
  Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) 17 (4.3%) 11 (8.1%) 6 (2.3%) < 0.001
  Normal weight (18.5 - 24.9 kg/m2) 102 (25.6%) 46 (34.1%) 56 (21.3%)
  Overweight (25 - 29.9 kg/m2) 138 (34.7%) 46 (34.1%) 92 (35.0%)
  Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m2) 141 (35.4%) 32 (23.7%) 109 (41.4%)
Physical activity
  None 212 (53.3%) 70 (51.9%) 142 (54.0%) 0.210
  Little 51 (12.8%) 12 (8.9%) 39 (14.8%)
  Moderate 96 (24.1%) 39 (28.9%) 57 (21.7%)
  Vigorous 39 (9.8%) 14 (10.4%) 25 (9.5%)
Smoking
  No 316 (79.4%) 120 (88.9%) 196 (74.5%) < 0.001
  Yes 82 (20.6%) 15 (11.1%) 67 (25.5%)
Hypertension
  No 380 (95.5%) 132 (97.8%) 248 (94.3%) 0.114
  Yes 18 (4.5%) 3 (2.2%) 15 (5.7%)
Diabetes
  No 372 (93.5%) 130 (96.3%) 242 (92.0%) 0.102
  Yes 26 (6.5%) 5 (3.7%) 21 (8.0%)
Cardiovascular diseases
  No 393 (98.7%) 133 (98.5%) 260 (98.9%) 0.773
  Yes 5 (1.3%) 2 (1.5%) 3 (1.1%)
Family history of hypertension
  No 218 (54.8%) 80 (59.3%) 138 (52.5%) 0.198
  Yes 180 (45.2%) 55 (40.7%) 125 (47.5%)
Family history of diabetes
  No 196 (49.2%) 65 (48.1%) 131 (49.8%) 0.754
  Yes 202 (50.8%) 70 (51.9%) 132 (50.2%)
Family history of cardiovascular diseases
  No 358 (89.9%) 126 (93.3%) 232 (88.2%) 0.108
  Yes 40 (10.1%) 9 (6.7%) 31 (11.8%)