J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jem.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 2, April 2025, pages 58-63

Association of Vitamin D Serum Levels With Glycemic, Lipid Profiles, and Diabetic Complications in Saudi Type II Diabetes Patients

**Table 1.** Association of Vitamin D Levels With Anthropometric Parameters
Parameter	Pearson correlation	P value
Significant correlations: P < 0.05, *P < 0.001. BMI: body mass index.
Age	0.175**	< 0.001
Weight	-0.094*	0.045
BMI	-0.053	0.292

Table 1. Association of Vitamin D Levels With Anthropometric Parameters

Parameter

Pearson correlation

P value

Significant correlations: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001. BMI: body mass index.

Age

0.175**

< 0.001

Weight

-0.094*

0.045

BMI

-0.053

0.292

**Table 2.** Baseline Characteristics by Vitamin D Status Among Diabetic Patients
Variable	Low vitamin D (n = 410)	High vitamin D (n = 90)	P value
Vitamin D is defined as levels below 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L). Continuous variables analyzed using t-test; categorical variables using Chi-square test. Statistically significant: **P value < 0.01. BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.
Gender			< 0.001**
Male	224 (92.6%)	18 (7.4%)
Female	186 (72.0%)	72 (28.0%)
Age (years)	56.4 ± 11.5	61.2 ± 8	0.02
BMI (kg/m²)	30.4 ± 8	30 ± 6	0.76
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	123 ± 18	119 ± 12	0.62
HbA1c (%)	7.21 ± 1.9	6.83 ± 1.5	0.29
Uric acid (µmol/L)	327 ± 91	314 ± 88	0.62
BUN (mmol/L)	5.16 ± 2.7	5.01 ± 2.4	0.73
Creatinine (µmol/L)	75 ± 21	71 ± 19	0.68
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.53 ± 1.8	4.37 ± 2.5	0.59
LDL (mmol/L)	2.92 ± 1.1	2.69 ± 0.99	0.13
HDL (mmol/L)	1.16 ± 0.40	1.38 ± 0.25	< 0.001**

Table 2. Baseline Characteristics by Vitamin D Status Among Diabetic Patients

Variable

Low vitamin D (n = 410)

High vitamin D (n = 90)

P value

Vitamin D is defined as levels below 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L). Continuous variables analyzed using t-test; categorical variables using Chi-square test. Statistically significant: **P value < 0.01. BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.

Gender

< 0.001**

Male

224 (92.6%)

18 (7.4%)

Female

186 (72.0%)

72 (28.0%)

Age (years)

56.4 ± 11.5

61.2 ± 8

0.02

BMI (kg/m²)

30.4 ± 8

30 ± 6

0.76

Systolic BP (mm Hg)

123 ± 18

119 ± 12

0.62

HbA1c (%)

7.21 ± 1.9

6.83 ± 1.5

0.29

Uric acid (µmol/L)

327 ± 91

314 ± 88

0.62

BUN (mmol/L)

5.16 ± 2.7

5.01 ± 2.4

0.73

Creatinine (µmol/L)

75 ± 21

71 ± 19

0.68

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.53 ± 1.8

4.37 ± 2.5

0.59

LDL (mmol/L)

2.92 ± 1.1

2.69 ± 0.99

0.13

HDL (mmol/L)

1.16 ± 0.40

1.38 ± 0.25

< 0.001**

**Table 3.** Correlation of Vitamin D Levels With Glycemic and Lipid Profiles
Parameter	Pearson correlation	P value
Significant correlation: **P < 0.001. HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.
HbA1c	-0.084	0.074
Glucose	-0.088	0.099
Uric acid	-0.004	0.950
Blood urea nitrogen	-0.039	0.492
Serum creatinine	-0.062	0.191
LDL-cholesterol	-0.064	0.206
HDL-cholesterol	0.186**	< 0.001

Table 3. Correlation of Vitamin D Levels With Glycemic and Lipid Profiles

Parameter

Pearson correlation

P value

Significant correlation: **P < 0.001. HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.

HbA1c

-0.084

0.074

Glucose

-0.088

0.099

Uric acid

-0.004

0.950

Blood urea nitrogen

-0.039

0.492

Serum creatinine

-0.062

0.191

LDL-cholesterol

-0.064

0.206

HDL-cholesterol

0.186**

< 0.001

**Table 4.** Binary Regression Between Vitamin D Levels and Diabetic Complications
Diabetic complication	Vitamin D deficient (n, %)	Normal vitamin D (n, %)	Total (n)	P-value
Significant association: *P < 0.05. Vitamin D is defined as levels below 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L).
Retinopathy	30 (75%)	10 (25%)	40	0.121
Neuropathy	7 (77.8%)	2 (22.2%)	9	0.032*
Nephropathy	5 (71.4%)	2 (28.6%)	7	0.447
Peripheral artery disease	4 (80%)	1 (20%)	5	0.065
Coronary artery disease	18 (72%)	7 (28%)	25	0.199
Stroke	9 (75%)	3 (25%)	12	0.371
Total	73 (73.7%)	25 (26.3%)	98	-

Table 4. Binary Regression Between Vitamin D Levels and Diabetic Complications

Diabetic complication

Vitamin D deficient (n, %)

Normal vitamin D (n, %)

Total (n)

P-value

Significant association: *P < 0.05. Vitamin D is defined as levels below 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L).

Retinopathy

30 (75%)

10 (25%)

0.121

Neuropathy

7 (77.8%)

2 (22.2%)

0.032*

Nephropathy

5 (71.4%)

2 (28.6%)

0.447

Peripheral artery disease

4 (80%)

1 (20%)

0.065

Coronary artery disease

18 (72%)

7 (28%)

0.199

Stroke

9 (75%)

3 (25%)

0.371

Total

73 (73.7%)

25 (26.3%)