J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jem.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 3, August 2025, pages 81-90

Impact of the Diabetes Shared Care Program on Glycemic Control in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

Figure 1. Comparison of health threshold achievement before and after DSCP. DSCP: the Diabetes Shared Care Program; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin.

**Table 1.** Distribution of A1C Level and Sociodemographic Factors in Elderly Diabetic Patients
	N	%
Gender
Male	233	45.8
Female	276	54.2
Age	73.54 ± 6.93
Educational level
Illiteracy	85	16.7
≤ 6 years	202	39.7
7 - 12 years	157	30.8
≥ 13 years	65	12.8
Alcohol consumption
None or abstained	467	91.7
Current users	42	8.3
Cigarette smoking
None or abstained	459	90.4
Current users	49	9.6
Exercising (baseline)
< 3 times/week	197	38.7
≥ 3 times/week	312	61.3
Exercising (end of 1 year)
< 3 times/week	176	34.6
≥ 3 times/week	333	65.4
BMI value
< 24 kg/m²	174	34.2
≥ 24 kg/m²	335	65.8
Waist circumferences
Normal	144	28.3
Abnormal	365	71.7
Medication as prescribed
Yes	495	97.2
No	14	2.8
Timing adherence to medication
Yes	474	93.1
No	35	6.9
A1C level (baseline)	7.37 ± 1.30
A1C level (end of 1 year)	7.11 ± 1.13
Total	509	100

Table 1. Distribution of A1C Level and Sociodemographic Factors in Elderly Diabetic Patients

Gender

Male

233

45.8

Female

276

54.2

Age

73.54 ± 6.93

Educational level

Illiteracy

16.7

≤ 6 years

202

39.7

7 - 12 years

157

30.8

≥ 13 years

12.8

Alcohol consumption

None or abstained

467

91.7

Current users

8.3

Cigarette smoking

None or abstained

459

90.4

Current users

9.6

Exercising (baseline)

< 3 times/week

197

38.7

≥ 3 times/week

312

61.3

Exercising (end of 1 year)

< 3 times/week

176

34.6

≥ 3 times/week

333

65.4

BMI value

< 24 kg/m²

174

34.2

≥ 24 kg/m²

335

65.8

Waist circumferences

Normal

144

28.3

Abnormal

365

71.7

Medication as prescribed

Yes

495

97.2

2.8

Timing adherence to medication

Yes

474

93.1

6.9

A1C level (baseline)

7.37 ± 1.30

A1C level (end of 1 year)

7.11 ± 1.13

Total

509

100

**Table 2.** Distribution of A1C Level at the Timepoint of Follow-Up After 1 Year in Different Factors
	A1C level at the end of 1 year
BMI: body mass index.
Gender			0.232			0.178			0.029
Male	191 (82.0)	42 (18.0)		127 (54.5)	106 (45.5)		76 (32.6)	157 (67.4)
Female	234 (84.8)	42 (15.2)		138 (50.0)	138 (50.0)		68 (24.6)	208 (75.4)
Education level			0.910			0.032			0.001
Illiteracy	71 (83.5)	14 (16.5)		38 (44.7)	47 (55.3)		19 (22.4)	66 (77.6)
≤ 6 years	169 (83.7)	33 (16.3)		95 (47.0)	107 (53.0)		43 (21.3)	159 (78.7)
7 - 12 years	129 (82.2)	28 (17.8)		93 (59.2)	64 (40.8)		54 (34.4)	103 (65.6)
≥ 13 years	56 (86.2)	9 (13.8)		39 (60.0)	26 (40.0)		28 (43.1)	37 (56.9)
Alcohol consumption			0.276			0.002			0.052
None or abstained	388 (83.1)	79 (16.9)		234 (50.1)	233 (49.9)		127 (27.2)	340 (72.8)
Current users	37 (88.1)	5 (11.9)		31 (73.8)	11 (26.2)		17 (40.5)	25 (59.5)
Cigarette smoking			0.087			0.275			0.540
None or abstained	338 (84.3)	72 (15.7)		237 (51.5)	223 (48.5)		130 (28.3)	330 (71.7)
Current users	37 (75.5)	12 (24.5)		28 (57.1)	21 (42.9)		14 (28.6)	35 (71.4)
BMI			0.033			0.003			< 0.001
< 24 kg/m²	153 (87.9)	21 (12.1)		106 (60.9)	68 (39.1)		68 (39.1)	106 (60.9)
≥ 24 kg/m²	272 (81.2)	63 (18.8)		159 (47.5)	176 (52.5)		76 (22.7)	259 (77.3)
Waist circumferences			0.006			< 0.001			< 0.001
Normal	130 (90.3)	14 (9.7)		103 (71.5)	41 (28.5)		67 (46.5)	77 (53.5)
Abnormal	295 (80.8)	70 (19.2)		162 (44.4)	203 (55.6)		77 (21.1)	288 (78.9)
Exercise (end of 1 year)			0.002			0.092			0.026
< 3 times/week	135 (76.7)	41 (23.3)		84 (47.7)	92 (52.3)		40 (22.7)	136 (77.3)
≥ 3 times/week	290 (87.1)	43 (12.9)		181 (54.4)	152 (45.6)		104 (31.2)	229 (68.8)
Medication as prescribed			0.414			0.334			0.593
Yes	414 (83.6)	81 (16.4)		259 (52.3)	236 (47.7)		140 (28.3)	355 (71.7)
No	11 (78.6)	3 (21.4)		6 (42.9)	8 (57.1)		4 (28.6)	10 (71.4)
Timing adherence to medication			0.203			0.273			0.552
Yes	398 (84.0)	76 (16.0)		249 (52.5)	225 (47.5)		134 (28.3)	340 (71.7)
No	27 (77.1)	8 (22.9)		16 (45.7)	19 (54.3)		10 (28.6)	25 (71.4)

Table 2. Distribution of A1C Level at the Timepoint of Follow-Up After 1 Year in Different Factors

A1C level at the end of 1 year

< 8%, n (%)

≥ 8%, n (%)

< 7%, n (%)

≥ 7%, n (%)

< 6.5%, n (%)

≥ 6.5%, n (%)

BMI: body mass index.

Gender

0.232

0.178

0.029

Male

191 (82.0)

42 (18.0)

127 (54.5)

106 (45.5)

76 (32.6)

157 (67.4)

Female

234 (84.8)

42 (15.2)

138 (50.0)

68 (24.6)

208 (75.4)

Education level

0.910

0.032

0.001

Illiteracy

71 (83.5)

14 (16.5)

38 (44.7)

47 (55.3)

19 (22.4)

66 (77.6)

≤ 6 years

169 (83.7)

33 (16.3)

95 (47.0)

107 (53.0)

43 (21.3)

159 (78.7)

7 - 12 years

129 (82.2)

28 (17.8)

93 (59.2)

64 (40.8)

54 (34.4)

103 (65.6)

≥ 13 years

56 (86.2)

9 (13.8)

39 (60.0)

26 (40.0)

28 (43.1)

37 (56.9)

Alcohol consumption

0.276

0.002

0.052

None or abstained

388 (83.1)

79 (16.9)

234 (50.1)

233 (49.9)

127 (27.2)

340 (72.8)

Current users

37 (88.1)

5 (11.9)

31 (73.8)

11 (26.2)

17 (40.5)

25 (59.5)

Cigarette smoking

0.087

0.275

0.540

None or abstained

338 (84.3)

72 (15.7)

237 (51.5)

223 (48.5)

130 (28.3)

330 (71.7)

Current users

37 (75.5)

12 (24.5)

28 (57.1)

21 (42.9)

14 (28.6)

35 (71.4)

BMI

0.033

0.003

< 0.001

< 24 kg/m²

153 (87.9)

21 (12.1)

106 (60.9)

68 (39.1)

106 (60.9)

≥ 24 kg/m²

272 (81.2)

63 (18.8)

159 (47.5)

176 (52.5)

76 (22.7)

259 (77.3)

Waist circumferences

0.006

< 0.001

Normal

130 (90.3)

14 (9.7)

103 (71.5)

41 (28.5)

67 (46.5)

77 (53.5)

Abnormal

295 (80.8)

70 (19.2)

162 (44.4)

203 (55.6)

77 (21.1)

288 (78.9)

Exercise (end of 1 year)

0.002

0.092

0.026

< 3 times/week

135 (76.7)

41 (23.3)

84 (47.7)

92 (52.3)

40 (22.7)

136 (77.3)

≥ 3 times/week

290 (87.1)

43 (12.9)

181 (54.4)

152 (45.6)

104 (31.2)

229 (68.8)

Medication as prescribed

0.414

0.334

0.593

Yes

414 (83.6)

81 (16.4)

259 (52.3)

236 (47.7)

140 (28.3)

355 (71.7)

11 (78.6)

3 (21.4)

6 (42.9)

8 (57.1)

4 (28.6)

10 (71.4)

Timing adherence to medication

0.203

0.273

0.552

Yes

398 (84.0)

76 (16.0)

249 (52.5)

225 (47.5)

134 (28.3)

340 (71.7)

27 (77.1)

8 (22.9)

16 (45.7)

19 (54.3)

10 (28.6)

25 (71.4)

**Table 3.** Logistic Regression Analysis of A1C Levels at the Timepoint of Follow-Up After 1 Year Across Different Thresholds
Variables	A1C < 8%	P value	A1C < 7%	P value	A1C < 6.5%	P value
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index.
Gender
Male			-		Reference
Female			-		0.943 (0.547 - 1.623)	0.831
Education level
Illiteracy			1.208 (0.555 - 2.630)	0.634	1.722 (0.695 - 4.263)	0.374
≤ 6 years			1.190 (0.607 - 2.334)	0.612	2.145 (1.025 - 4.492)	0.114
7 - 12 years			0.888 (0.442 - 1.784)	0.739	1.271 (0.618 - 2.616)	0.852
≥ 13 years			Reference		Reference
BMI		0.843		0.743
< 24 kg/m²	Reference		Reference		Reference
≥ 24 kg/m²	0.954 (0.599 - 1.520)		1.088 (0.656 - 1.806)		1.240 (0.705 - 2.179)	0.455
Waist circumference
Normal	Reference		Reference		Reference
Abnormal	3.619 (1.909 - 5.261)	< 0.001	2.360 (1.362 - 4.087)	0.002	2.570 (1.409 - 4.690)	0.002
Alcohol consumption
None or abstained			-		Reference
Current users			-		0.632 (0.281 - 1.419)	0.266
Exercise
< 3 times/week	1.107 (0.742 - 1.653)	0.049	-		1.324 (0.795 - 2.205)	0.281
≥ 3 times/week	Reference		-		Reference
A1C level (baseline)
Normal	Reference		Reference		Reference
Abnormal	5.620 (3.447 - 9.161)	< 0.001	8.150 (5.378 - 12.351)	< 0.001	11.836 (7.718 - 19.517)	< 0.001
Model fit	R² = 0.341		R² = 0.348		R² = 0.373

Table 3. Logistic Regression Analysis of A1C Levels at the Timepoint of Follow-Up After 1 Year Across Different Thresholds

Variables

A1C < 8%

P value

A1C < 7%

P value

A1C < 6.5%

P value

ORs (95% CI)

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index.

Gender

Male

Reference

Female

0.943 (0.547 - 1.623)

0.831

Education level

Illiteracy

1.208 (0.555 - 2.630)

0.634

1.722 (0.695 - 4.263)

0.374

≤ 6 years

1.190 (0.607 - 2.334)

0.612

2.145 (1.025 - 4.492)

0.114

7 - 12 years

0.888 (0.442 - 1.784)

0.739

1.271 (0.618 - 2.616)

0.852

≥ 13 years

Reference

BMI

0.843

0.743

< 24 kg/m²

Reference

≥ 24 kg/m²

0.954 (0.599 - 1.520)

1.088 (0.656 - 1.806)

1.240 (0.705 - 2.179)

0.455

Waist circumference

Normal

Reference

Abnormal

3.619 (1.909 - 5.261)

< 0.001

2.360 (1.362 - 4.087)

0.002

2.570 (1.409 - 4.690)

0.002

Alcohol consumption

None or abstained

Reference

Current users

0.632 (0.281 - 1.419)

0.266

Exercise

< 3 times/week

1.107 (0.742 - 1.653)

0.049

1.324 (0.795 - 2.205)

0.281

≥ 3 times/week

Reference

A1C level (baseline)

Normal

Reference

Abnormal

5.620 (3.447 - 9.161)

< 0.001

8.150 (5.378 - 12.351)

< 0.001

11.836 (7.718 - 19.517)

< 0.001

Model fit

R² = 0.341

R² = 0.348

R² = 0.373