J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jem.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 5, December 2025, pages 191-201

Impact of Disease-Specific Counseling on Quality of Life and Glycemic Control in Different Types of Diabetes

Figure 1. Impact of structural counseling on glycemic control. HRQoL: health-related quality of life; PCS: Physical Component Score; MCS: Mental Component Score.

Figure 2. Impact of disease-specific counseling on HRQoL domains. HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; RBS: random blood sugar.

**Table 1.** Baseline Sociodemographic of the Study Participants (N = 150)
Variables	Total	Type 1 DM (30.0%)	Type 2 DM (54.00%)	Pancreatic DM (16.0%)	P value
All the values are presented as frequency (%) or mean and standard deviation (SD) otherwise stated. P value was considered significant at < 0.05. P values were calculated using Chi-square test/Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables. *P ≤ 0.001. IQR: interquartile range; DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; ANOVA: analysis of variance.
Age, mean ± SD	42.56 ± 15.00	27.11 ± 7.27	52.01 ± 11.87	39.66 ± 8.71	< 0.001*
Age (years), n (%)
< 20	7 (4.7)	7 (15.6)	0	0
21 - 35	43 (28.7)	32 (71.1)	5 (6.2)	6 (25)
36 - 50	58 (38.7)	6 (13.3)	37 (45.7)	15 (62.5)	< 0.001*
51 - 65	28 (18.7)	0	25 (30.9)	3 (12.5)
> 65	14 (9.3)	0	14 (17.3)	0
Gender, n (%)
Male	93 (62.0)	15 (33.3)	54 (66.7)	24 (100)	< 0.001*
Female	57 (38.0)	30 (66.7)	27 (33.3)	0
Area of residence, n (%)
Rural	81 (54.0)	27 (60)	42 (51.9)	12 (50)	0.620
Urban	69 (46.0)	18 (40)	39 (48.1)	12 (50)
Addiction, n (%)
Alcohol	6 (4.0)	0	3 (3.7)	3 (12.5)	0.010
Smoking	60 (40.0)	12 (26.7)	36 (44.4)	12 (50)
Tobacco	84 (56.0)	33 (73.3)	42 (51.9)	9 (37.5)
Marital status, n (%)
Married	114 (76.0)	24 (53.3)	69 (85.2)	21 (87.5)	< 0.001*
Unmarried	24 (16.0)	21 (46.7)	0	3 (12.5)
Widow/widower	12 (8.0)	0	12 (14.8)	0
BMI category, (kg/m²) n (%)
Underweight (< 18.5)	31 (20.7)	20 (44.4)	3 (3.7)	8 (33.3)
Normal (18.5 - 22.9)	49 (32.7)	20 (44.4)	17 (21.0)	12 (50.0)	< 0.001*
Overweight (23 - 24.9)	24 (16.0)	4 (8.9)	19 (23.5)	1 (4.2)
Obese class I (25 - 29.9)	37 (24.7)	1 (2.2)	33 (40.7)	3 (12.5)
Obese class II (> 30)	9 (6.0)	0	9 (11.1)	0
Duration of DM (months), median (IQR)	48 (24 - 84)	66 (24 - 108)	48 (36 - 72)	31 (15 - 48)	0.001*

Table 1. Baseline Sociodemographic of the Study Participants (N = 150)

Variables

Total

Type 1 DM (30.0%)

Type 2 DM (54.00%)

Pancreatic DM (16.0%)

P value

All the values are presented as frequency (%) or mean and standard deviation (SD) otherwise stated. P value was considered significant at < 0.05. P values were calculated using Chi-square test/Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables. *P ≤ 0.001. IQR: interquartile range; DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; ANOVA: analysis of variance.

Age, mean ± SD

42.56 ± 15.00

27.11 ± 7.27

52.01 ± 11.87

39.66 ± 8.71

< 0.001*

Age (years), n (%)

< 20

7 (4.7)

7 (15.6)

21 - 35

43 (28.7)

32 (71.1)

5 (6.2)

6 (25)

36 - 50

58 (38.7)

6 (13.3)

37 (45.7)

15 (62.5)

< 0.001*

51 - 65

28 (18.7)

25 (30.9)

3 (12.5)

> 65

14 (9.3)

14 (17.3)

Gender, n (%)

Male

93 (62.0)

15 (33.3)

54 (66.7)

24 (100)

< 0.001*

Female

57 (38.0)

30 (66.7)

27 (33.3)

Area of residence, n (%)

Rural

81 (54.0)

27 (60)

42 (51.9)

12 (50)

0.620

Urban

69 (46.0)

18 (40)

39 (48.1)

12 (50)

Addiction, n (%)

Alcohol

6 (4.0)

3 (3.7)

3 (12.5)

0.010

Smoking

60 (40.0)

12 (26.7)

36 (44.4)

12 (50)

Tobacco

84 (56.0)

33 (73.3)

42 (51.9)

9 (37.5)

Marital status, n (%)

Married

114 (76.0)

24 (53.3)

69 (85.2)

21 (87.5)

< 0.001*

Unmarried

24 (16.0)

21 (46.7)

3 (12.5)

Widow/widower

12 (8.0)

12 (14.8)

BMI category, (kg/m²) n (%)

Underweight (< 18.5)

31 (20.7)

20 (44.4)

3 (3.7)

8 (33.3)

Normal (18.5 - 22.9)

49 (32.7)

20 (44.4)

17 (21.0)

12 (50.0)

< 0.001*

Overweight (23 - 24.9)

24 (16.0)

4 (8.9)

19 (23.5)

1 (4.2)

Obese class I (25 - 29.9)

37 (24.7)

1 (2.2)

33 (40.7)

3 (12.5)

Obese class II (> 30)

9 (6.0)

9 (11.1)

Duration of DM (months), median (IQR)

48 (24 - 84)

66 (24 - 108)

48 (36 - 72)

31 (15 - 48)

0.001*

**Table 2.** Impact of Disease-Specific Counseling on HRQoL Domains (N = 150)
Domain	Baseline	At follow-up (3 month)	P value
Data are presented as mean ± SD. P values were calculated using paired t-test. *P < 0.001. P value was considered significant at < 0.05. HRQoL: health-related quality of life; PCS: Physical Component Score; MCS: Mental Component Score; SD: standard deviation.
Physical function	53.80 ± 30.24	57.40 ± 29.17	< 0.001*
Role-physical	46.00 ± 43.55	56.50 ± 42.81	< 0.001*
Body pain	41.16 ± 28.21	47.22 ± 29.82	< 0.001*
General health	38.42 ± 27.05	41.16 ± 26.99	< 0.001*
Vitality	35.60 ± 26.41	38.30 ± 25.30	< 0.001*
Social functioning	49.00 ± 22.41	56.00 ± 22.19	< 0.001*
Role emotional	62.67 ± 39.93	70.00 ± 39.71	< 0.001*
Mental health	48.56 ± 20.07	54.32 ± 17.77	< 0.001*
PCS	37.40 ± 12.77	39.36 ± 13.33	< 0.001*
MCS	29.11 ± 13.30	33.09 ± 12.71	< 0.001*

Table 2. Impact of Disease-Specific Counseling on HRQoL Domains (N = 150)

Domain

Baseline

At follow-up (3 month)

P value

Data are presented as mean ± SD. P values were calculated using paired t-test. *P < 0.001. P value was considered significant at < 0.05. HRQoL: health-related quality of life; PCS: Physical Component Score; MCS: Mental Component Score; SD: standard deviation.

Physical function

53.80 ± 30.24

57.40 ± 29.17

< 0.001*

Role-physical

46.00 ± 43.55

56.50 ± 42.81

< 0.001*

Body pain

41.16 ± 28.21

47.22 ± 29.82

< 0.001*

General health

38.42 ± 27.05

41.16 ± 26.99

< 0.001*

Vitality

35.60 ± 26.41

38.30 ± 25.30

< 0.001*

Social functioning

49.00 ± 22.41

56.00 ± 22.19

< 0.001*

Role emotional

62.67 ± 39.93

70.00 ± 39.71

< 0.001*

Mental health

48.56 ± 20.07

54.32 ± 17.77

< 0.001*

PCS

37.40 ± 12.77

39.36 ± 13.33

< 0.001*

MCS

29.11 ± 13.30

33.09 ± 12.71

< 0.001*

**Table 3.** Baseline HRQoL Across Different Types of Diabetes (N = 150)
Composite score	T1DM (mean ± SD)	T2DM (mean ± SD)	Pancreatic DM (mean ± SD)	P value
Values are presented as mean ± SD. P values were calculated using one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test. P value was considered significant at < 0.05 *P < 0.05. DM: diabetes mellitus; T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HRQoL: health-related quality of life; PCS: Physical Component Score; MCS: Mental Component Score; SD: standard deviation; ANOVA: analysis of variance.
Physical function	67.33 ± 26.68	51.85 ± 31.35	35.00 ± 20.11	< 0.001*
Role physical	48.33 ± 42.77	44.44 ± 44.02	46.88 ± 45.03	0.887
Bodily pain	41.20 ± 29.95	46.67 ± 25.61	22.50 ± 26.23	0.001*
General health	45.27 ± 31.20	40.56 ± 25.16	18.38 ± 12.24	< 0.001*
Vitality	44.67 ± 30.48	35.37 ± 24.11	19.38 ± 16.83	0.001*
Social functioning	55.00 ± 20.54	51.39 ± 22.53	29.69 ± 14.19	< 0.001*
Role emotional	66.67 ± 36.93	61.73 ± 38.41	58.33 ± 50.36	0.680
Mental health	55.47 ± 24.31	48.00 ± 18.30	37.50 ± 9.57	0.001*
PCS	39.52 ± 13.25	37.97 ± 12.91	31.51 ± 9.76	0.038*
MCS	33.13 ± 15.07	28.68 ± 12.35	23.01 ± 10.51	0.009*

Table 3. Baseline HRQoL Across Different Types of Diabetes (N = 150)

Composite score

T1DM (mean ± SD)

T2DM (mean ± SD)

Pancreatic DM (mean ± SD)

P value

Values are presented as mean ± SD. P values were calculated using one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test. P value was considered significant at < 0.05 *P < 0.05. DM: diabetes mellitus; T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HRQoL: health-related quality of life; PCS: Physical Component Score; MCS: Mental Component Score; SD: standard deviation; ANOVA: analysis of variance.

Physical function

67.33 ± 26.68

51.85 ± 31.35

35.00 ± 20.11

< 0.001*

Role physical

48.33 ± 42.77

44.44 ± 44.02

46.88 ± 45.03

0.887

Bodily pain

41.20 ± 29.95

46.67 ± 25.61

22.50 ± 26.23

0.001*

General health

45.27 ± 31.20

40.56 ± 25.16

18.38 ± 12.24

< 0.001*

Vitality

44.67 ± 30.48

35.37 ± 24.11

19.38 ± 16.83

0.001*

Social functioning

55.00 ± 20.54

51.39 ± 22.53

29.69 ± 14.19

< 0.001*

Role emotional

66.67 ± 36.93

61.73 ± 38.41

58.33 ± 50.36

0.680

Mental health

55.47 ± 24.31

48.00 ± 18.30

37.50 ± 9.57

0.001*

PCS

39.52 ± 13.25

37.97 ± 12.91

31.51 ± 9.76

0.038*

MCS

33.13 ± 15.07

28.68 ± 12.35

23.01 ± 10.51

0.009*

**Table 4.** HRQoL at Three Months Across Different Types of Diabetes (N = 150)
Composite score	T1DM (mean ± SD)	T2DM (mean ± SD)	Pancreatic DM (mean ± SD)	P value
Values are presented as mean ± SD. P values were calculated using one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test. P value was considered significant at < 0.05. *P < 0.05. DM: diabetes mellitus; T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HRQoL: health-related quality of life; PCS: Physical Component Score; MCS: Mental Component Score; SD: standard deviation; ANOVA: analysis of variance.
Physical function	68.00 ± 27.12	56.67 ± 30.89	40.00 ± 15.74	0.001*
Role physical	48.33 ± 42.77	59.26 ± 42.84	62.50 ± 42.35	0.296
Bodily pain	45.60 ± 31.32	54.48 ± 27.07	25.75 ± 25.73	< 0.001*
General health	45.80 ± 31.93	45.52 ± 23.93	17.75 ± 9.78	< 0.001*
Vitality	44.00 ± 29.78	40.00 ± 23.12	21.88 ± 15.31	0.001*
Social functioning	62.50 ± 17.88	58.80 ± 20.49	34.38 ± 22.80	< 0.001*
Role emotional	68.89 ± 37.87	69.14 ± 38.65	75.00 ± 47.40	0.799
Mental health	62.93 ± 17.88	53.04 ± 16.85	42.50 ± 12.25	< 0.001*
PCS	39.00 ± 14.66	41.41 ± 12.94	33.15 ± 10.15	0.027*
MCS	36.86 ± 13.65	32.24 ± 12.20	28.89 ± 11.12	0.030*

Table 4. HRQoL at Three Months Across Different Types of Diabetes (N = 150)

Composite score

T1DM (mean ± SD)

T2DM (mean ± SD)

Pancreatic DM (mean ± SD)

P value

Values are presented as mean ± SD. P values were calculated using one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test. P value was considered significant at < 0.05. *P < 0.05. DM: diabetes mellitus; T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HRQoL: health-related quality of life; PCS: Physical Component Score; MCS: Mental Component Score; SD: standard deviation; ANOVA: analysis of variance.

Physical function

68.00 ± 27.12

56.67 ± 30.89

40.00 ± 15.74

0.001*

Role physical

48.33 ± 42.77

59.26 ± 42.84

62.50 ± 42.35

0.296

Bodily pain

45.60 ± 31.32

54.48 ± 27.07

25.75 ± 25.73

< 0.001*

General health

45.80 ± 31.93

45.52 ± 23.93

17.75 ± 9.78

< 0.001*

Vitality

44.00 ± 29.78

40.00 ± 23.12

21.88 ± 15.31

0.001*

Social functioning

62.50 ± 17.88

58.80 ± 20.49

34.38 ± 22.80

< 0.001*

Role emotional

68.89 ± 37.87

69.14 ± 38.65

75.00 ± 47.40

0.799

Mental health

62.93 ± 17.88

53.04 ± 16.85

42.50 ± 12.25

< 0.001*

PCS

39.00 ± 14.66

41.41 ± 12.94

33.15 ± 10.15

0.027*

MCS

36.86 ± 13.65

32.24 ± 12.20

28.89 ± 11.12

0.030*

**Table 5.** Glycemic Variability at Baseline and Three Months Across Different Types of Diabetes (N = 150)
Parameter	T1DM (mean ± SD)	T2DM (mean ± SD)	Pancreatic DM (mean ± SD)	Total (mean ± SD)	P value
P values were calculated using one-way ANOVA for between-group comparison, paired t-test for within-group comparison. P value was considered significant at < 0.05. *P < 0.01. DM: diabetes mellitus; T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; RBS: random blood sugar; SD: standard deviation; ANOVA: analysis of variance.
HbA1c, baseline	11.07 ± 2.23	10.67 ± 2.20	12.35 ± 1.11	11.06 ± 2.15	0.003*
HbA1c, follow-up	10.76 ± 2.13	9.93 ± 2.83	12.05 ± 1.37	10.52 ± 2.55	0.001*
RBS, baseline	285.89 ± 23.34	314.27 ± 30.02	302.33 ± 23.90	303.85 ± 29.83	< 0.001*
RBS, follow-up	262.04 ± 61.29	253.32 ± 61.88	299.17 ± 39.16	263.27 ± 60.53	0.004*

Table 5. Glycemic Variability at Baseline and Three Months Across Different Types of Diabetes (N = 150)

Parameter

T1DM (mean ± SD)

T2DM (mean ± SD)

Pancreatic DM (mean ± SD)

Total (mean ± SD)

P value

P values were calculated using one-way ANOVA for between-group comparison, paired t-test for within-group comparison. P value was considered significant at < 0.05. *P < 0.01. DM: diabetes mellitus; T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; RBS: random blood sugar; SD: standard deviation; ANOVA: analysis of variance.

HbA1c, baseline

11.07 ± 2.23

10.67 ± 2.20

12.35 ± 1.11

11.06 ± 2.15

0.003*

HbA1c, follow-up

10.76 ± 2.13

9.93 ± 2.83

12.05 ± 1.37

10.52 ± 2.55

0.001*

RBS, baseline

285.89 ± 23.34

314.27 ± 30.02

302.33 ± 23.90

303.85 ± 29.83

< 0.001*

RBS, follow-up

262.04 ± 61.29

253.32 ± 61.88

299.17 ± 39.16

263.27 ± 60.53

0.004*