J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jem.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 1, February 2026, pages 29-37

Investigation of GHRL, RETN, ADIPOQ, NPY and MC4R Gene Polymorphisms in Obese and Non-Obese Patients With Diabetes

Figure 1. Biochemical parameters measured in the study groups. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

**Table 1.** Primer Sequences for PCR Amplification of *RETN* rs1862513, *GHRL* rs4684677, *MC4R* rs17782313, *NPY* rs16147 and *ADIPOQ* rs2241766 Genes
SNP	Forward primer (5'–3')	Forward/reverse primer (5'–3')	Reverse primer (5'–3')
PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism.
rs1862513	GGGCATTTGGGTATGAATGTG	TTCCAACAGGGCCTCCG	TTCCAACAGGGCCTCCA
rs4684677	TGGCTGTGCTGCTGGTACT	TGGCTGTGCTGCTGGTACC	AGATGGTGAGTGGGAAGGTG
rs17782313	GCTTTTCTTGTCATTTCCATCA	GCTTTTCTTGTCATTTCCATCT	TAACAAACAGCCCCCAAGTC
rs16147	TCAGCAAACTGGGGGAATAG	CCTGCCAACAGGACTACCAA	CCTGCCAACAGGACTACCAT
rs2241766	GCTATTAGCTCTGCCCGGT	GCTATTAGCTCTGCCCGGG	TGAGGGTGAAGATGGGAAAG

Table 1. Primer Sequences for PCR Amplification of RETN rs1862513, GHRL rs4684677, MC4R rs17782313, NPY rs16147 and ADIPOQ rs2241766 Genes

SNP

Forward primer (5'–3')

Forward/reverse primer (5'–3')

Reverse primer (5'–3')

PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism.

rs1862513

GGGCATTTGGGTATGAATGTG

TTCCAACAGGGCCTCCG

TTCCAACAGGGCCTCCA

rs4684677

TGGCTGTGCTGCTGGTACT

TGGCTGTGCTGCTGGTACC

AGATGGTGAGTGGGAAGGTG

rs17782313

GCTTTTCTTGTCATTTCCATCA

GCTTTTCTTGTCATTTCCATCT

TAACAAACAGCCCCCAAGTC

rs16147

TCAGCAAACTGGGGGAATAG

CCTGCCAACAGGACTACCAA

CCTGCCAACAGGACTACCAT

rs2241766

GCTATTAGCTCTGCCCGGT

GCTATTAGCTCTGCCCGGG

TGAGGGTGAAGATGGGAAAG

**Table 2.** Demographic and Clinical Data of Obese and Non-Obese Diabetic Groups
	Non-obese diabetic	Obese diabetic	P value
The values expressed as X ± SE in the table were analyzed using independent samples t-tests (X: mean; SE: standard error). P represents the significance of value between the groups. *P < 0.05. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index.
Age	50.86 ± 1.51	55.89 ± 1.02	0.006*
Urea	31.37 ± 0.98	35.79 ± 1.82	0.034*
Creatinine	0.78 ± 0.02	0.85 ± 0.04	0.08
ALT	19.60 ± 1.01	23.27 ± 1.25	0.024*
AST	18.10 ± 0.66	20.03 ± 0.84	0.075
TC	200.50 ± 5.63	211.35 ± 8.26	0.281
TG	139.64 ± 8.53	189.82 ± 13.42	0.002*
HDL-c	50.89 ± 1.76	46.29 ± 1.02	0.025*
LDL-c	122.01 ± 4.58	121.87 ± 3.33	0.968
Glucose	163.98 ± 6.81	181.78 ± 6.71	0.064
HbA1c	8.14 ± 0.22	8.33 ± 0.19	0.514
BMI	24.80 ± 0.31	36.00 ± 0.45	< 0.0001*

Table 2. Demographic and Clinical Data of Obese and Non-Obese Diabetic Groups

Non-obese diabetic

Obese diabetic

P value

The values expressed as X ± SE in the table were analyzed using independent samples t-tests (X: mean; SE: standard error). P represents the significance of value between the groups. *P < 0.05. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index.

Age

50.86 ± 1.51

55.89 ± 1.02

0.006*

Urea

31.37 ± 0.98

35.79 ± 1.82

0.034*

Creatinine

0.78 ± 0.02

0.85 ± 0.04

0.08

ALT

19.60 ± 1.01

23.27 ± 1.25

0.024*

AST

18.10 ± 0.66

20.03 ± 0.84

0.075

200.50 ± 5.63

211.35 ± 8.26

0.281

139.64 ± 8.53

189.82 ± 13.42

0.002*

HDL-c

50.89 ± 1.76

46.29 ± 1.02

0.025*

LDL-c

122.01 ± 4.58

121.87 ± 3.33

0.968

Glucose

163.98 ± 6.81

181.78 ± 6.71

0.064

HbA1c

8.14 ± 0.22

8.33 ± 0.19

0.514

BMI

24.80 ± 0.31

36.00 ± 0.45

< 0.0001*

**Table 3.** Genotype and Allele Frequencies of *RETN* rs1862513, *GHRL* rs4684677, *MC4R* rs17782313, *NPY* rs16147 and *ADIPOQ* rs2241766 Polymorphisms in the Study Groups
Genotypes/alleles	Obese diabetic, n (%)	Non-obese diabetic, n (%)	P value
P represents the significance of value between the groups. *P < 0.05.
RETN rs1862513
CC	46 (46.5%)	43 (43.4%)	0.005*
CG	46 (46.5%)	33 (33.3%)
GG	7 (7.1%)	23 (23.2%)
C allele	138 (69.7%)	119 (60.1%)	0.002*
G allele	60 (30.3%)	79 (39.9%)	0.67
GHRL rs4684677
TT	0 (0%)	2 (2%)	0.36
TA	5 (5.1%)	5 (5.1%)
AA	94 (94.9%)	92 (92.9%)
T allele	5 (2.5%)	9 (4.5%)	0.551
A allele	193 (97.5%)	189 (95.5%)	0.155
MC4R rs17782313
TT	7 (7.1%)	20 (20.2%)	0.008*
TC	83 (83.8%)	65 (65.7%)
CC	9 (9.1%)	14 (14.1%)
T allele	97 (49%)	105 (53 %)	0.267
C allele	101 (51%)	93 (47%)	0.007*
NPY rs16147
TT	26 (26.3%)	11 (11.1%)	< 0.0001*
TC	71 (71.7%)	67 (67.7%)
CC	2 (2%)	21 (21.2%)
T allele	123 (62.1%)	89 (45%)	< 0.0001*
C allele	75 (37.9%)	109 (55%)	0.006*
ADIPOQ rs2241766
TT	76 (76.8%)	78 (78.8%)	0.1
TG	10 (10.1%)	3 (3%)
GG	13 (13.1)	18 (18.2%)
T allele	162 (81.8%)	159 (80.3%)	0.328
G allele	36 (18.2%)	39 (19.7%)	0.732

Table 3. Genotype and Allele Frequencies of RETN rs1862513, GHRL rs4684677, MC4R rs17782313, NPY rs16147 and ADIPOQ rs2241766 Polymorphisms in the Study Groups

Genotypes/alleles

Obese diabetic, n (%)

Non-obese diabetic, n (%)

P value

P represents the significance of value between the groups. *P < 0.05.

RETN rs1862513

46 (46.5%)

43 (43.4%)

0.005*

46 (46.5%)

33 (33.3%)

7 (7.1%)

23 (23.2%)

C allele

138 (69.7%)

119 (60.1%)

0.002*

G allele

60 (30.3%)

79 (39.9%)

0.67

GHRL rs4684677

0 (0%)

2 (2%)

0.36

5 (5.1%)

94 (94.9%)

92 (92.9%)

T allele

5 (2.5%)

9 (4.5%)

0.551

A allele

193 (97.5%)

189 (95.5%)

0.155

MC4R rs17782313

7 (7.1%)

20 (20.2%)

0.008*

83 (83.8%)

65 (65.7%)

9 (9.1%)

14 (14.1%)

T allele

97 (49%)

105 (53 %)

0.267

C allele

101 (51%)

93 (47%)

0.007*

NPY rs16147

26 (26.3%)

11 (11.1%)

< 0.0001*

71 (71.7%)

67 (67.7%)

2 (2%)

21 (21.2%)

T allele

123 (62.1%)

89 (45%)

< 0.0001*

C allele

75 (37.9%)

109 (55%)

0.006*

ADIPOQ rs2241766

76 (76.8%)

78 (78.8%)

0.1

10 (10.1%)

3 (3%)

13 (13.1)

18 (18.2%)

T allele

162 (81.8%)

159 (80.3%)

0.328

G allele

36 (18.2%)

39 (19.7%)

0.732