J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jem.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 1, February 2026, pages 29-37

Investigation of GHRL, RETN, ADIPOQ, NPY and MC4R Gene Polymorphisms in Obese and Non-Obese Patients With Diabetes

↓ Figure 1. Biochemical parameters measured in the study groups. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

↓ **Table 1.** Primer Sequences for PCR Amplification of *RETN* rs1862513, *GHRL* rs4684677, *MC4R* rs17782313, *NPY* rs16147 and *ADIPOQ* rs2241766 Genes
SNP	Forward primer (5'–3')	Forward/reverse primer (5'–3')	Reverse primer (5'–3')
PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism.
rs1862513	GGGCATTTGGGTATGAATGTG	TTCCAACAGGGCCTCCG	TTCCAACAGGGCCTCCA
rs4684677	TGGCTGTGCTGCTGGTACT	TGGCTGTGCTGCTGGTACC	AGATGGTGAGTGGGAAGGTG
rs17782313	GCTTTTCTTGTCATTTCCATCA	GCTTTTCTTGTCATTTCCATCT	TAACAAACAGCCCCCAAGTC
rs16147	TCAGCAAACTGGGGGAATAG	CCTGCCAACAGGACTACCAA	CCTGCCAACAGGACTACCAT
rs2241766	GCTATTAGCTCTGCCCGGT	GCTATTAGCTCTGCCCGGG	TGAGGGTGAAGATGGGAAAG

↓ Table 1. Primer Sequences for PCR Amplification of RETN rs1862513, GHRL rs4684677, MC4R rs17782313, NPY rs16147 and ADIPOQ rs2241766 Genes

SNP

Forward primer (5'–3')

Forward/reverse primer (5'–3')

Reverse primer (5'–3')

PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism.

rs1862513

GGGCATTTGGGTATGAATGTG

TTCCAACAGGGCCTCCG

TTCCAACAGGGCCTCCA

rs4684677

TGGCTGTGCTGCTGGTACT

TGGCTGTGCTGCTGGTACC

AGATGGTGAGTGGGAAGGTG

rs17782313

GCTTTTCTTGTCATTTCCATCA

GCTTTTCTTGTCATTTCCATCT

TAACAAACAGCCCCCAAGTC

rs16147

TCAGCAAACTGGGGGAATAG

CCTGCCAACAGGACTACCAA

CCTGCCAACAGGACTACCAT

rs2241766

GCTATTAGCTCTGCCCGGT

GCTATTAGCTCTGCCCGGG

TGAGGGTGAAGATGGGAAAG

↓ **Table 2.** Demographic and Clinical Data of Obese and Non-Obese Diabetic Groups
	Non-obese diabetic	Obese diabetic	P value
The values expressed as X ± SE in the table were analyzed using independent samples t-tests (X: mean; SE: standard error). P represents the significance of value between the groups. *P < 0.05. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index.
Age	50.86 ± 1.51	55.89 ± 1.02	0.006*
Urea	31.37 ± 0.98	35.79 ± 1.82	0.034*
Creatinine	0.78 ± 0.02	0.85 ± 0.04	0.08
ALT	19.60 ± 1.01	23.27 ± 1.25	0.024*
AST	18.10 ± 0.66	20.03 ± 0.84	0.075
TC	200.50 ± 5.63	211.35 ± 8.26	0.281
TG	139.64 ± 8.53	189.82 ± 13.42	0.002*
HDL-c	50.89 ± 1.76	46.29 ± 1.02	0.025*
LDL-c	122.01 ± 4.58	121.87 ± 3.33	0.968
Glucose	163.98 ± 6.81	181.78 ± 6.71	0.064
HbA1c	8.14 ± 0.22	8.33 ± 0.19	0.514
BMI	24.80 ± 0.31	36.00 ± 0.45	< 0.0001*

↓ Table 2. Demographic and Clinical Data of Obese and Non-Obese Diabetic Groups

Non-obese diabetic

Obese diabetic

P value

The values expressed as X ± SE in the table were analyzed using independent samples t-tests (X: mean; SE: standard error). P represents the significance of value between the groups. *P < 0.05. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index.

Age

50.86 ± 1.51

55.89 ± 1.02

0.006*

Urea

31.37 ± 0.98

35.79 ± 1.82

0.034*

Creatinine

0.78 ± 0.02

0.85 ± 0.04

0.08

ALT

19.60 ± 1.01

23.27 ± 1.25

0.024*

AST

18.10 ± 0.66

20.03 ± 0.84

0.075

200.50 ± 5.63

211.35 ± 8.26

0.281

139.64 ± 8.53

189.82 ± 13.42

0.002*

HDL-c

50.89 ± 1.76

46.29 ± 1.02

0.025*

LDL-c

122.01 ± 4.58

121.87 ± 3.33

0.968

Glucose

163.98 ± 6.81

181.78 ± 6.71

0.064

HbA1c

8.14 ± 0.22

8.33 ± 0.19

0.514

BMI

24.80 ± 0.31

36.00 ± 0.45

< 0.0001*

↓ **Table 3.** Genotype and Allele Frequencies of *RETN* rs1862513, *GHRL* rs4684677, *MC4R* rs17782313, *NPY* rs16147 and *ADIPOQ* rs2241766 Polymorphisms in the Study Groups
Genotypes/alleles	Obese diabetic, n (%)	Non-obese diabetic, n (%)	P value
P represents the significance of value between the groups. *P < 0.05.
RETN rs1862513
CC	46 (46.5%)	43 (43.4%)	0.005*
CG	46 (46.5%)	33 (33.3%)
GG	7 (7.1%)	23 (23.2%)
C allele	138 (69.7%)	119 (60.1%)	0.002*
G allele	60 (30.3%)	79 (39.9%)	0.67
GHRL rs4684677
TT	0 (0%)	2 (2%)	0.36
TA	5 (5.1%)	5 (5.1%)
AA	94 (94.9%)	92 (92.9%)
T allele	5 (2.5%)	9 (4.5%)	0.551
A allele	193 (97.5%)	189 (95.5%)	0.155
MC4R rs17782313
TT	7 (7.1%)	20 (20.2%)	0.008*
TC	83 (83.8%)	65 (65.7%)
CC	9 (9.1%)	14 (14.1%)
T allele	97 (49%)	105 (53 %)	0.267
C allele	101 (51%)	93 (47%)	0.007*
NPY rs16147
TT	26 (26.3%)	11 (11.1%)	< 0.0001*
TC	71 (71.7%)	67 (67.7%)
CC	2 (2%)	21 (21.2%)
T allele	123 (62.1%)	89 (45%)	< 0.0001*
C allele	75 (37.9%)	109 (55%)	0.006*
ADIPOQ rs2241766
TT	76 (76.8%)	78 (78.8%)	0.1
TG	10 (10.1%)	3 (3%)
GG	13 (13.1)	18 (18.2%)
T allele	162 (81.8%)	159 (80.3%)	0.328
G allele	36 (18.2%)	39 (19.7%)	0.732

↓ Table 3. Genotype and Allele Frequencies of RETN rs1862513, GHRL rs4684677, MC4R rs17782313, NPY rs16147 and ADIPOQ rs2241766 Polymorphisms in the Study Groups

Genotypes/alleles

Obese diabetic, n (%)

Non-obese diabetic, n (%)

P value

P represents the significance of value between the groups. *P < 0.05.

RETN rs1862513

46 (46.5%)

43 (43.4%)

0.005*

46 (46.5%)

33 (33.3%)

7 (7.1%)

23 (23.2%)

C allele

138 (69.7%)

119 (60.1%)

0.002*

G allele

60 (30.3%)

79 (39.9%)

0.67

GHRL rs4684677

0 (0%)

2 (2%)

0.36

5 (5.1%)

94 (94.9%)

92 (92.9%)

T allele

5 (2.5%)

9 (4.5%)

0.551

A allele

193 (97.5%)

189 (95.5%)

0.155

MC4R rs17782313

7 (7.1%)

20 (20.2%)

0.008*

83 (83.8%)

65 (65.7%)

9 (9.1%)

14 (14.1%)

T allele

97 (49%)

105 (53 %)

0.267

C allele

101 (51%)

93 (47%)

0.007*

NPY rs16147

26 (26.3%)

11 (11.1%)

< 0.0001*

71 (71.7%)

67 (67.7%)

2 (2%)

21 (21.2%)

T allele

123 (62.1%)

89 (45%)

< 0.0001*

C allele

75 (37.9%)

109 (55%)

0.006*

ADIPOQ rs2241766

76 (76.8%)

78 (78.8%)

0.1

10 (10.1%)

3 (3%)

13 (13.1)

18 (18.2%)

T allele

162 (81.8%)

159 (80.3%)

0.328

G allele

36 (18.2%)

39 (19.7%)

0.732