J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jem.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 2, April 2026, pages 93-100

Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients With Nephrolithiasis: Experience From a Tertiary Center

↓ **Table 1.** Characteristics and Clinical Variables of the Patients, Categorized by Gender
Variables	Male	Female	P-value
Data are expressed as n (mean ± SD). BMI: body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Age, years	800 (46.78 ± 15.323)	429 (48.47 ± 15.234)	0.065
BMI (kg/m²)	799 (28.04 ± 5.329)	429 (31.58 ± 9.366)	< 0.001
Adjusted calcium (mmol/L)	774 (2.39 ± 3.982)	423 (2.76 ± 9.712)	0.362
Phosphorus (mg/dL)	776 (1.19 ± 2.736)	424 (1.12 ± 0.207)	0.48
Parathyroid hormone (pmol/L)	96 (12.37 ± 15.448)	109 (10.30 ± 6.431)	0.202
Creatinine (µmol/L)	796 (98.53 ± 72.749)	426 (70.60 ± 46.351)	< 0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	788 (89.53 ± 30.003)	424 (93.43 ± 23.742)	0.021
25-OH vitamin D (nmol/L)	329 (55.82 ± 28.728)	253 (62.06 ± 29.641)	0.011

↓ Table 1. Characteristics and Clinical Variables of the Patients, Categorized by Gender

Variables

Male

Female

P-value

Data are expressed as n (mean ± SD). BMI: body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Age, years

800 (46.78 ± 15.323)

429 (48.47 ± 15.234)

0.065

BMI (kg/m²)

799 (28.04 ± 5.329)

429 (31.58 ± 9.366)

< 0.001

Adjusted calcium (mmol/L)

774 (2.39 ± 3.982)

423 (2.76 ± 9.712)

0.362

Phosphorus (mg/dL)

776 (1.19 ± 2.736)

424 (1.12 ± 0.207)

0.48

Parathyroid hormone (pmol/L)

96 (12.37 ± 15.448)

109 (10.30 ± 6.431)

0.202

Creatinine (µmol/L)

796 (98.53 ± 72.749)

426 (70.60 ± 46.351)

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

788 (89.53 ± 30.003)

424 (93.43 ± 23.742)

0.021

25-OH vitamin D (nmol/L)

329 (55.82 ± 28.728)

253 (62.06 ± 29.641)

0.011

↓ **Table 2.** Characteristics of Renal Stones and Subsequent Management, Categorized by Gender
Variables	Male (n = 800)	Female (n = 429)	P-value
Stone episode
First	519 (64.9%)	281 (65.5%)	0.826
Recurrent	281 (35.1%)	148 (34.5%)
Location of stone
Kidney	283 (35.4%)	203 (47.3%)	< 0.001
Ureteral	517 (64.6%)	226 (52.7%)
Number of stone
1	512 (64.0%)	249 (58.0%)	0.096
2	141 (17.6%)	94 (21.9%)
Multiple	147 (18.4%)	86 (20.0%)
Size of largest stone (mm)
< 10 mm	630 (78.8%)	306 (71.3%)	0.004
≥ 10 mm	170 (21.3%)	123 (28.7%)
Composition of stone
Calcium oxalate	141 (17.6%)	61 (14.2%)	0.006
Calcium phosphate	3 (0.4%)	3 (0.7%)
Uric acid	29 (3.6%)	2 (0.5%)
Cystine	4 (0.5%)	5 (1.2%)
Struvite	16 (2.0%)	8 (1.9%)
No data	607 (75.9%)	350 (81.6%)
Management
Conservative	406 (50.7%)	205 (47.8%)	0.218
Shock wave lithotripsy	105 (13.1%)	45 (10.5%)
Laparoscopic and robot assisted surgery	257 (32.1%)	164 (38.2%)
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy	32 (4.0%)	15 (3.5%)
Referral to endocrine
Yes	17 (2.1%)	24 (5.6%)	0.001
No	780 (97.5%)	400 (93.2%)

↓ Table 2. Characteristics of Renal Stones and Subsequent Management, Categorized by Gender

Variables

Male (n = 800)

Female (n = 429)

P-value

Stone episode

First

519 (64.9%)

281 (65.5%)

0.826

Recurrent

281 (35.1%)

148 (34.5%)

Location of stone

Kidney

283 (35.4%)

203 (47.3%)

< 0.001

Ureteral

517 (64.6%)

226 (52.7%)

Number of stone

512 (64.0%)

249 (58.0%)

0.096

141 (17.6%)

94 (21.9%)

Multiple

147 (18.4%)

86 (20.0%)

Size of largest stone (mm)

< 10 mm

630 (78.8%)

306 (71.3%)

0.004

≥ 10 mm

170 (21.3%)

123 (28.7%)

Composition of stone

Calcium oxalate

141 (17.6%)

61 (14.2%)

0.006

Calcium phosphate

3 (0.4%)

3 (0.7%)

Uric acid

29 (3.6%)

2 (0.5%)

Cystine

4 (0.5%)

5 (1.2%)

Struvite

16 (2.0%)

8 (1.9%)

No data

607 (75.9%)

350 (81.6%)

Management

Conservative

406 (50.7%)

205 (47.8%)

0.218

Shock wave lithotripsy

105 (13.1%)

45 (10.5%)

Laparoscopic and robot assisted surgery

257 (32.1%)

164 (38.2%)

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

32 (4.0%)

15 (3.5%)

Referral to endocrine

Yes

17 (2.1%)

24 (5.6%)

0.001

780 (97.5%)

400 (93.2%)

↓ **Table 3.** Distribution of Hypercalcemic and Normocalcemic Individuals, Categorized by Gender and Age
	Hypercalcemia	Normocalcemia/hypocalcemia	P-value
PHPT: primary hyperparathyroidism; PTH: parathyroid hormone.
Age, years	47.30 ± 20.640	47.42 ± 15.277	0.98
Gender
Male	4 (40.0%)	770 (64.9%)	0.101
Female	6 (60.0%)	417 (35.1%)
	Screen PTH	No screen PTH
Age, years	47.78 ± 12.136	47.29 ± 15.870	0.674
Gender
Male	96 (46.8%)	704 (68.8%)	< 0.001
Female	109 (53.2%)	320 (31.3%)
	PHPT	Normal PTH
Age, years	48.03 ± 11.932	47.32 ± 12.575	0.616
Gender
Male	59 (44.4%)	37 (51.4%)	0.336
Female	74 (55.6%)	35 (48.6%)
Referral
Yes	23 (17.3%)	5 (6.9%)	0.046
No	107 (80.5%)	67 (93.1%)

↓ Table 3. Distribution of Hypercalcemic and Normocalcemic Individuals, Categorized by Gender and Age

Hypercalcemia

Normocalcemia/hypocalcemia

P-value

PHPT: primary hyperparathyroidism; PTH: parathyroid hormone.

Age, years

47.30 ± 20.640

47.42 ± 15.277

0.98

Gender

Male

4 (40.0%)

770 (64.9%)

0.101

Female

6 (60.0%)

417 (35.1%)

Screen PTH

No screen PTH

Age, years

47.78 ± 12.136

47.29 ± 15.870

0.674

Gender

Male

96 (46.8%)

704 (68.8%)

< 0.001

Female

109 (53.2%)

320 (31.3%)

PHPT

Normal PTH

Age, years

48.03 ± 11.932

47.32 ± 12.575

0.616

Gender

Male

59 (44.4%)

37 (51.4%)

0.336

Female

74 (55.6%)

35 (48.6%)

Referral

Yes

23 (17.3%)

5 (6.9%)

0.046

107 (80.5%)

67 (93.1%)