J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://jem.elmerpub.com

Original Article

Volume 16, Number 4, August 2026, pages 190-200

Association Between Mortality and Weight Loss in Critical Patients: A Propensity Matching Study

↓ Figure 2. Plot of standardized mean difference after propensity score analysis. IPTW: inverse probability of treatment weighting; SMRW: standardized mortality ratio weighting; PSMW: propensity score matching weighting; OW: overlap weighting.

↓ Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier curves for 365-day survival probability comparing two groups. (a) Before matched. (b) After matched. (c) Propensity score matching weighting (PSMW). (d) Inverse probability weighting (IPWT). The red line represents patients without weight loss and the blue line represents patients with combined weight loss.

↓ Figure 4. The forest plot of logistic and Cox regression analysis for 365-day mortality. PSMW: propensity score matching weighting; IPTW: inverse probability of treatment weighting; SMRW: standardized mortality ratio weighting; OW: overlap weighting.

↓ **Table 1.** Comparisons of Characteristics Between the Original Cohort and Matched Cohort
Characteristic	Original cohort	Matched cohort
Group 1: patients without weight loss. Group 2: patients with weight loss, as defined by ICD-9 diagnoses. SMD: standardized mean difference; SpO₂: oxygen saturation; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; GCS: Glasgow Coma Score; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; OASIS: Oxford Acute Severity of Illness Score; CHF: congestive heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; WBC: white blood cell count; INR: international prothrombin time; PT: prothrombin time; PTT: partial thromboplastin time; BUN: blood urea nitrogen.
Basic information
Female, n (%)	11,847 (41.9)	421 (43.9)	0.04	724 (75.7)	706 (73.8)	0.044
Age	65.20 (52.22, 77.38)	66.55 (53.79, 78.27)	0.095	68.09 (54.95, 79.59)	66.55 (53.81, 78.28)	0.058
Ethnicity, n (%)			0.094			0.044
White	20,415 (72.2)	707 (73.7)		724 (75.7)	706 (73.8)
Black	2,095 (7.4)	87 (9.1)		79 (8.3)	87 (9.1)
Other	5,748 (20.3)	165 (17.2)		154 (16.1)	164 (17.1)
Admission, n (%)			0.382			0.054
Elective	4,815 (17.0)	52 (5.4)		41 (4.3)	52 (5.4)
Emergency	22,711 (80.4)	890 (92.8)		900 (94.0)	888 (92.8)
Urgent	732 (2.6)	17 (1.8)		16 (1.7)	17 (1.8)
Weight, kg	79.00 (67.00, 93.00)	69.00 (58.00, 83.00)	0.425	77.00 (65.00, 91.00)	69.00 (58.00, 83.00)	0.380
Vital signs
Heart rate, bpm	83.39 (73.92, 93.75)	86.84 (76.82, 99.18)	0.265	87.06 (76.45, 98.84)	86.80 (76.82, 99.00)	0.033
Respiratory rate, bpm	17.78 (15.81, 20.28)	18.48 (16.30, 21.55)	0.185	18.54 (16.32, 21.38)	18.48 (16.30, 21.54)	< 0.001
Temperature, °C	36.82 (36.49, 37.20)	36.80 (36.44, 37.23)	0.015	36.81 (36.44, 37.21)	36.80 (36.44, 37.23)	0.012
Spo2, %	97.64 (96.33, 98.73)	97.75 (96.33, 98.98)	0.022	97.69 (96.44, 98.80)	97.75 (96.33, 99.00)	0.022
SBP, mm Hg	117.35 (108.04, 129.40)	115.64 (105.72, 131.16)	0.041	116.86 (107.63, 129.71)	115.64 (105.72, 131.17)	0.049
DBP, mm Hg	60.08 (54.00, 67.15)	60.35 (53.62, 67.89)	0.064	60.56 (54.85, 68.00)	60.42 (53.61, 67.91)	0.022
MAP, mm Hg	77.23 (71.25, 84.76)	76.67 (69.68, 85.33)	0.026	77.06 (71.00, 85.44)	76.75 (69.71, 85.34)	0.04
Severity of illness
GCS	15.00 (14.00, 15.00)	15.00 (13.00, 15.00)	0.184	15.00 (13.00, 15.00)	15.00 (13.00, 15.00)	0.046
SOFA	3.00 (2.00, 5.00)	4.00 (2.00, 7.00)	0.32	4.00 (2.00, 6.00)	4.00 (2.00, 7.00)	< 0.001
OASIS	30.00 (25.00, 36.00)	33.00 (28.00, 39.00)	0.382	34.00 (28.00, 39.00)	33.00 (28.00, 39.00)	0.006
Comorbidities, n (%)
CHF	6,544 (23.2)	245 (25.5)	0.056	243 (25.4)	244 (25.5)	0.002
Hypertension	15,567 (55.1)	448 (46.7)	0.168	456 (47.6)	448 (46.8)	0.017
Stroke	971 (3.4)	80 (8.3)	0.21	77 (8.0)	79 (8.3)	0.008
COPD	4,861 (17.2)	196 (20.4)	0.083	182 (19.0)	195 (20.4)	0.034
Diabetes mellitus	7,187 (25.4)	229 (23.9)	0.036	224 (23.4)	229 (23.9)	0.012
Renal failure	3,409 (12.1)	156 (16.3)	0.121	165 (17.2)	156 (16.3)	0.025
Liver disease	1,698 (6.0)	141 (14.7)	0.288	135 (14.1)	141 (14.7)	0.018
Malignancy	2,317 (8.2)	128 (13.3)	0.167	113 (11.8)	126 (13.2)	0.041
Coagulopathy	2,636 (9.3)	182 (19.0)	0.28	165 (17.2)	181 (18.9)	0.043
Laboratory tests
WBC, × 10⁹/L	12.30 (9.10, 16.30)	12.50 (8.80, 17.35)	0.031	12.50 (9.10, 16.90)	12.50 (8.80, 17.30)	0.028
Hemoglobin, g/dL	10.10 (8.60, 11.80)	9.60 (8.40, 11.00)	0.21	9.70 (8.30, 11.30)	9.60 (8.40, 11.00)	0.012
Platelet, × 10⁹/L	186.00 (134.00, 247.00)	201.00 (129.00, 282.00)	0.175	196.00 (129.00, 272.00)	201.00 (129.00, 282.00)	0.008
Laboratory tests
Hematocrit, %	29.60 (25.20, 34.40)	28.50 (24.80, 32.55)	0.164	28.80 (24.70, 33.30)	28.50 (24.80, 32.60)	0.01
INR	1.30 (1.10, 1.50)	1.30 (1.20, 1.70)	0.122	1.30 (1.10, 1.70)	1.30 (1.20, 1.70)	0.042
PT, s	14.30 (13.10, 16.10)	14.70 (13.20, 17.85)	0.166	14.70 (13.30, 17.50)	14.70 (13.20, 17.80)	0.026
PTT, s	31.40 (26.80, 41.50)	32.80 (28.00, 43.20)	0.051	32.50 (27.00, 44.60)	32.70 (28.00, 43.20)	0.003
Bun, mg/dL	19.00 (14.00, 28.00)	22.00 (14.00, 37.00)	0.205	22.00 (15.00, 35.00)	22.00 (14.00, 37.00)	0.005
Creatinine, mg/dL	1.00 (0.80, 1.30)	1.00 (0.70, 1.50)	0.064	1.10 (0.80, 1.50)	1.00 (0.70, 1.50)	0.011
Potassium, mmol/L	4.50 (4.10, 5.10)	4.30 (4.00, 4.80)	0.218	4.30 (4.00, 4.90)	4.30 (4.00, 4.80)	0.013
Sodium, mmol/L	140.00 (138.00, 142.00)	140.00 (137.00, 143.00)	0.009	141.00 (138.00, 143.00)	140.00 (137.00, 143.00)	0.072
Bicarbonate, mmol/L	25.00 (23.00, 27.00)	25.00 (22.00, 28.00)	0.016	25.00 (23.00, 27.00)	25.00 (22.00, 28.00)	0.018
Chloride, mmol/L	107.00 (104.00, 111.00)	107.00 (103.00, 111.00)	0.005	108.00 (104.00, 111.00)	107.00 (103.00, 111.00)	0.068
Glucose, mEq/L	156.00 (125.00, 194.75)	150.00 (120.00, 196.50)	0.015	154.00 (125.00, 199.00)	150.00 (120.00, 197.00)	0.04
Anion gap, mmol/L	14.00 (12.00, 17.00)	15.00 (13.00, 18.00)	0.147	15.00 (13.00, 18.00)	15.00 (13.00, 18.00)	0.063

↓ Table 1. Comparisons of Characteristics Between the Original Cohort and Matched Cohort

Characteristic

Original cohort

Matched cohort

Group 1 (n = 28,258)

Group 2 (n = 959)

SMD

Group 1 (n = 957)

Group 2 (n = 957)

SMD

Group 1: patients without weight loss. Group 2: patients with weight loss, as defined by ICD-9 diagnoses. SMD: standardized mean difference; SpO₂: oxygen saturation; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; GCS: Glasgow Coma Score; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; OASIS: Oxford Acute Severity of Illness Score; CHF: congestive heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; WBC: white blood cell count; INR: international prothrombin time; PT: prothrombin time; PTT: partial thromboplastin time; BUN: blood urea nitrogen.

Basic information

Female, n (%)

11,847 (41.9)

421 (43.9)

0.04

724 (75.7)

706 (73.8)

0.044

Age

65.20 (52.22, 77.38)

66.55 (53.79, 78.27)

0.095

68.09 (54.95, 79.59)

66.55 (53.81, 78.28)

0.058

Ethnicity, n (%)

0.094

0.044

White

20,415 (72.2)

707 (73.7)

724 (75.7)

706 (73.8)

Black

2,095 (7.4)

87 (9.1)

79 (8.3)

87 (9.1)

Other

5,748 (20.3)

165 (17.2)

154 (16.1)

164 (17.1)

Admission, n (%)

0.382

0.054

Elective

4,815 (17.0)

52 (5.4)

41 (4.3)

52 (5.4)

Emergency

22,711 (80.4)

890 (92.8)

900 (94.0)

888 (92.8)

Urgent

732 (2.6)

17 (1.8)

16 (1.7)

17 (1.8)

Weight, kg

79.00 (67.00, 93.00)

69.00 (58.00, 83.00)

0.425

77.00 (65.00, 91.00)

69.00 (58.00, 83.00)

0.380

Vital signs

Heart rate, bpm

83.39 (73.92, 93.75)

86.84 (76.82, 99.18)

0.265

87.06 (76.45, 98.84)

86.80 (76.82, 99.00)

0.033

Respiratory rate, bpm

17.78 (15.81, 20.28)

18.48 (16.30, 21.55)

0.185

18.54 (16.32, 21.38)

18.48 (16.30, 21.54)

< 0.001

Temperature, °C

36.82 (36.49, 37.20)

36.80 (36.44, 37.23)

0.015

36.81 (36.44, 37.21)

36.80 (36.44, 37.23)

0.012

Spo2, %

97.64 (96.33, 98.73)

97.75 (96.33, 98.98)

0.022

97.69 (96.44, 98.80)

97.75 (96.33, 99.00)

0.022

SBP, mm Hg

117.35 (108.04, 129.40)

115.64 (105.72, 131.16)

0.041

116.86 (107.63, 129.71)

115.64 (105.72, 131.17)

0.049

DBP, mm Hg

60.08 (54.00, 67.15)

60.35 (53.62, 67.89)

0.064

60.56 (54.85, 68.00)

60.42 (53.61, 67.91)

0.022

MAP, mm Hg

77.23 (71.25, 84.76)

76.67 (69.68, 85.33)

0.026

77.06 (71.00, 85.44)

76.75 (69.71, 85.34)

0.04

Severity of illness

GCS

15.00 (14.00, 15.00)

15.00 (13.00, 15.00)

0.184

15.00 (13.00, 15.00)

0.046

SOFA

3.00 (2.00, 5.00)

4.00 (2.00, 7.00)

0.32

4.00 (2.00, 6.00)

4.00 (2.00, 7.00)

< 0.001

OASIS

30.00 (25.00, 36.00)

33.00 (28.00, 39.00)

0.382

34.00 (28.00, 39.00)

33.00 (28.00, 39.00)

0.006

Comorbidities, n (%)

CHF

6,544 (23.2)

245 (25.5)

0.056

243 (25.4)

244 (25.5)

0.002

Hypertension

15,567 (55.1)

448 (46.7)

0.168

456 (47.6)

448 (46.8)

0.017

Stroke

971 (3.4)

80 (8.3)

0.21

77 (8.0)

79 (8.3)

0.008

COPD

4,861 (17.2)

196 (20.4)

0.083

182 (19.0)

195 (20.4)

0.034

Diabetes mellitus

7,187 (25.4)

229 (23.9)

0.036

224 (23.4)

229 (23.9)

0.012

Renal failure

3,409 (12.1)

156 (16.3)

0.121

165 (17.2)

156 (16.3)

0.025

Liver disease

1,698 (6.0)

141 (14.7)

0.288

135 (14.1)

141 (14.7)

0.018

Malignancy

2,317 (8.2)

128 (13.3)

0.167

113 (11.8)

126 (13.2)

0.041

Coagulopathy

2,636 (9.3)

182 (19.0)

0.28

165 (17.2)

181 (18.9)

0.043

Laboratory tests

WBC, × 10⁹/L

12.30 (9.10, 16.30)

12.50 (8.80, 17.35)

0.031

12.50 (9.10, 16.90)

12.50 (8.80, 17.30)

0.028

Hemoglobin, g/dL

10.10 (8.60, 11.80)

9.60 (8.40, 11.00)

0.21

9.70 (8.30, 11.30)

9.60 (8.40, 11.00)

0.012

Platelet, × 10⁹/L

186.00 (134.00, 247.00)

201.00 (129.00, 282.00)

0.175

196.00 (129.00, 272.00)

201.00 (129.00, 282.00)

0.008

Laboratory tests

Hematocrit, %

29.60 (25.20, 34.40)

28.50 (24.80, 32.55)

0.164

28.80 (24.70, 33.30)

28.50 (24.80, 32.60)

0.01

INR

1.30 (1.10, 1.50)

1.30 (1.20, 1.70)

0.122

1.30 (1.10, 1.70)

1.30 (1.20, 1.70)

0.042

PT, s

14.30 (13.10, 16.10)

14.70 (13.20, 17.85)

0.166

14.70 (13.30, 17.50)

14.70 (13.20, 17.80)

0.026

PTT, s

31.40 (26.80, 41.50)

32.80 (28.00, 43.20)

0.051

32.50 (27.00, 44.60)

32.70 (28.00, 43.20)

0.003

Bun, mg/dL

19.00 (14.00, 28.00)

22.00 (14.00, 37.00)

0.205

22.00 (15.00, 35.00)

22.00 (14.00, 37.00)

0.005

Creatinine, mg/dL

1.00 (0.80, 1.30)

1.00 (0.70, 1.50)

0.064

1.10 (0.80, 1.50)

1.00 (0.70, 1.50)

0.011

Potassium, mmol/L

4.50 (4.10, 5.10)

4.30 (4.00, 4.80)

0.218

4.30 (4.00, 4.90)

4.30 (4.00, 4.80)

0.013

Sodium, mmol/L

140.00 (138.00, 142.00)

140.00 (137.00, 143.00)

0.009

141.00 (138.00, 143.00)

140.00 (137.00, 143.00)

0.072

Bicarbonate, mmol/L

25.00 (23.00, 27.00)

25.00 (22.00, 28.00)

0.016

25.00 (23.00, 27.00)

25.00 (22.00, 28.00)

0.018

Chloride, mmol/L

107.00 (104.00, 111.00)

107.00 (103.00, 111.00)

0.005

108.00 (104.00, 111.00)

107.00 (103.00, 111.00)

0.068

Glucose, mEq/L

156.00 (125.00, 194.75)

150.00 (120.00, 196.50)

0.015

154.00 (125.00, 199.00)

150.00 (120.00, 197.00)

0.04

Anion gap, mmol/L

14.00 (12.00, 17.00)

15.00 (13.00, 18.00)

0.147

15.00 (13.00, 18.00)

0.063

↓ **Table 2.** Clinical Outcomes Analysis on the Original Cohort and Matched Cohort
Outcomes	Original cohort	Matched cohort
Group 1: patients without weight loss. Group 2: patients with weight loss, as defined by ICD-9 diagnoses. ICU: intensive care unit; MV: mechanical ventilation; RRT: renal replacement therapy.
Primary outcome, n (%)
90-day mortality	2,577 (8.8)	2,395 (8.5)	182 (19.0)	< 0.001	311 (16.2)	130 (13.6)	181 (18.9)	0.002
180-day mortality	3,209 (11.0)	3,000 (10.6)	209 (21.8)	< 0.001	371 (19.4)	162 (16.9)	209 (21.8)	0.008
365-day mortality	4,854 (16.6)	4,553 (16.1)	301 (31.4)	< 0.001	532 (27.8)	232 (24.2)	300 (31.3)	0.001
Secondary outcome, n (%)
Vasopressor use (> 24 h)	3,559 (12.2)	3,388 (12.0)	171 (17.8)	< 0.001	315 (16.5)	145 (15.2)	170 (17.8)	0.139
RRT	271 (0.9)	232 (0.8)	39 (4.1)	< 0.001	48 (2.5)	9 (0.9)	39 (4.1)	< 0.001
MV (> 72 h)	3,176 (10.9)	2,917 (10.3)	259 (27.0)	< 0.001	395 (20.6)	136 (14.2)	259 (27.1)	< 0.001
ICU-stays (>3 days)	10,214 (35.0)	9,681 (34.3)	533 (55.6)	< 0.001	911 (47.6)	380 (39.7)	531 (55.5)	< 0.001
Hospital-stays (> 14 days)	5,543 (19.0)	5,024 (17.8)	519 (54.1)	< 0.001	732 (38.2)	215 (22.5)	517 (54.0)	< 0.001

↓ Table 2. Clinical Outcomes Analysis on the Original Cohort and Matched Cohort

Outcomes

Original cohort

Matched cohort

Total

Group 1

Group 2

P value

Total

Group 1

Group 2

P value

Group 1: patients without weight loss. Group 2: patients with weight loss, as defined by ICD-9 diagnoses. ICU: intensive care unit; MV: mechanical ventilation; RRT: renal replacement therapy.

Primary outcome, n (%)

90-day mortality

2,577 (8.8)

2,395 (8.5)

182 (19.0)

< 0.001

311 (16.2)

130 (13.6)

181 (18.9)

0.002

180-day mortality

3,209 (11.0)

3,000 (10.6)

209 (21.8)

< 0.001

371 (19.4)

162 (16.9)

209 (21.8)

0.008

365-day mortality

4,854 (16.6)

4,553 (16.1)

301 (31.4)

< 0.001

532 (27.8)

232 (24.2)

300 (31.3)

0.001

Secondary outcome, n (%)

Vasopressor use (> 24 h)

3,559 (12.2)

3,388 (12.0)

171 (17.8)

< 0.001

315 (16.5)

145 (15.2)

170 (17.8)

0.139

RRT

271 (0.9)

232 (0.8)

39 (4.1)

< 0.001

48 (2.5)

9 (0.9)

39 (4.1)

< 0.001

MV (> 72 h)

3,176 (10.9)

2,917 (10.3)

259 (27.0)

< 0.001

395 (20.6)

136 (14.2)

259 (27.1)

< 0.001

ICU-stays (>3 days)

10,214 (35.0)

9,681 (34.3)

533 (55.6)

< 0.001

911 (47.6)

380 (39.7)

531 (55.5)

< 0.001

Hospital-stays (> 14 days)

5,543 (19.0)

5,024 (17.8)

519 (54.1)

< 0.001

732 (38.2)

215 (22.5)

517 (54.0)

< 0.001

↓ **Table 3.** Logistic Regression Analysis of Clinical Outcomes on the Original Cohort and Matched Cohort
Outcomes	Original cohort	Matched cohort
CI: confidence interval; ICU: intensive care unit; MV: mechanical ventilation; OR: odds ratio; RRT: renal replacement therapy.
Primary outcome
90-day mortality	2.53 (2.14, 2.98)	< 0.001	1.59 (1.32, 1.91)	< 0.001	1.48 (1.16, 1.90)	0.002	1.65 (1.26, 2.17)	< 0.001
180-day mortality	2.35 (2.00, 2.74)	< 0.001	1.53 (1.28, 1.82)	< 0.001	1.37 (1.09, 1.72)	0.007	1.49 (1.16, 1.93)	0.002
365-day mortality	2.38 (2.07, 2.74)	< 0.001	1.57 (1.34, 1.84)	< 0.001	1.43 (1.17, 1.75)	0.001	1.56 (1.25, 1.96)	< 0.001
Secondary outcome
MV (> 72 h)	3.21 (2.77, 3.72)	< 0.001	2.55 (2.13, 3.05)	< 0.001	2.24 (1.78, 2.83)	< 0.001	2.85 (2.17, 3.78)	< 0.001
RRT	5.12 (3.57, 7.15)	< 0.001	3.43 (2.19, 5.26)	< 0.001	4.47 (2.26, 9.90)	< 0.001	6.76 (2.64, 19.62)	< 0.001
Vasopressor use (> 24 h)	1.59 (1.34, 1.88)	< 0.001	1.36 (1.10, 1.67)	0.004	1.21 (0.95, 1.54)	0.124	1.29 (0.95, 1.75)	0.101
ICU-stays (> 3 days)	2.40 (2.11, 2.73)	< 0.001	1.93 (1.67, 2.24)	< 0.001	1.89 (1.58, 2.27)	< 0.001	2.23 (1.80, 2.75)	< 0.001
Hospital-stays (> 14 days)	5.45 (4.79, 6.22)	< 0.001	4.44 (3.85, 5.13)	< 0.001	4.06 (3.33, 4.95)	< 0.001	4.98 (4.00, 6.23)	< 0.001

↓ Table 3. Logistic Regression Analysis of Clinical Outcomes on the Original Cohort and Matched Cohort

Outcomes

Original cohort

Matched cohort

Non-adjusted

Adjusted

Non-adjusted

Adjusted

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

CI: confidence interval; ICU: intensive care unit; MV: mechanical ventilation; OR: odds ratio; RRT: renal replacement therapy.

Primary outcome

90-day mortality

2.53 (2.14, 2.98)

< 0.001

1.59 (1.32, 1.91)

< 0.001

1.48 (1.16, 1.90)

0.002

1.65 (1.26, 2.17)

< 0.001

180-day mortality

2.35 (2.00, 2.74)

< 0.001

1.53 (1.28, 1.82)

< 0.001

1.37 (1.09, 1.72)

0.007

1.49 (1.16, 1.93)

0.002

365-day mortality

2.38 (2.07, 2.74)

< 0.001

1.57 (1.34, 1.84)

< 0.001

1.43 (1.17, 1.75)

0.001

1.56 (1.25, 1.96)

< 0.001

Secondary outcome

MV (> 72 h)

3.21 (2.77, 3.72)

< 0.001

2.55 (2.13, 3.05)

< 0.001

2.24 (1.78, 2.83)

< 0.001

2.85 (2.17, 3.78)

< 0.001

RRT

5.12 (3.57, 7.15)

< 0.001

3.43 (2.19, 5.26)

< 0.001

4.47 (2.26, 9.90)

< 0.001

6.76 (2.64, 19.62)

< 0.001

Vasopressor use (> 24 h)

1.59 (1.34, 1.88)

< 0.001

1.36 (1.10, 1.67)

0.004

1.21 (0.95, 1.54)

0.124

1.29 (0.95, 1.75)

0.101

ICU-stays (> 3 days)

2.40 (2.11, 2.73)

< 0.001

1.93 (1.67, 2.24)

< 0.001

1.89 (1.58, 2.27)

< 0.001

2.23 (1.80, 2.75)

< 0.001

Hospital-stays (> 14 days)

5.45 (4.79, 6.22)

< 0.001

4.44 (3.85, 5.13)

< 0.001

4.06 (3.33, 4.95)

< 0.001

4.98 (4.00, 6.23)

< 0.001

↓ **Table 4.** Cox Regression Analysis of Clinical Outcomes on the Original Cohort and Matched Cohort
Outcomes	Original cohort	Matched cohort
CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio.
90-day mortality	2.37 (2.04, 2.75)	< 0.001	1.44 (1.23, 1.68)	< 0.001	1.43 (1.14, 1.79)	0.002	1.43 (1.20, 1.70)	< 0.001
180-day mortality	2.22 (1.93, 2.56)	< 0.001	1.42 (1.23, 1.64)	< 0.001	1.34 (1.09, 1.65)	0.005	1.41 (1.15, 1.74)	< 0.001
365-day mortality	2.16 (1.93, 2.43)	< 0.001	1.40 (1.25, 1.58)	< 0.001	1.36 (1.15, 1.62)	< 0.001	1.53 (1.21, 1.92)	< 0.001

↓ Table 4. Cox Regression Analysis of Clinical Outcomes on the Original Cohort and Matched Cohort

Outcomes

Original cohort

Matched cohort

Non-adjusted

Adjusted

Non-adjusted

Adjusted

HR (95% CI)

P value

HR (95% CI)

P value

HR (95% CI)

P value

HR (95% CI)

P value

CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio.

90-day mortality

2.37 (2.04, 2.75)

< 0.001

1.44 (1.23, 1.68)

< 0.001

1.43 (1.14, 1.79)

0.002

1.43 (1.20, 1.70)

< 0.001

180-day mortality

2.22 (1.93, 2.56)

< 0.001

1.42 (1.23, 1.64)

< 0.001

1.34 (1.09, 1.65)

0.005

1.41 (1.15, 1.74)

< 0.001

365-day mortality

2.16 (1.93, 2.43)

< 0.001

1.40 (1.25, 1.58)

< 0.001

1.36 (1.15, 1.62)

< 0.001

1.53 (1.21, 1.92)

< 0.001